Синонимы презентация английский

Другие материалы

Слайд 2Определение синонимов
Синонимы — это слова, которые различаются по звучанию и написанию,

но очень близки по лексическому значению, то есть по смыслу.

Слайд 3Классификации синонимов
По степени эквивалентности (синонимичности) синонимы делятся на
полные (абсолютные);
частичные (относительные).
Абсолютные синонимы,

полностью совпадающие по значению, встречаются чрезвычайно редко, в основном в сфере научной терминологии. Примеры: semasiology — semantics, fatherland – motherland, allow – permit.
Примеры относительных синонимов: big – large, ask – beg – implore, like – love – adore, gift – talent.
Выделяется также отдельная группа контекстных (контекстуальных) синонимов, у которых значение совпадает в определенной дистрибуции. Например, глаголы buy и get в следующих предложениях являются синонимами: I’ll go to the shop and buy some bread. I’ll go to the shop and get some bread.

Слайд 4Классификация по типу коннотативных значений
1.указание на степень интенсивности признака (to like

Слайд 5Для чего нужны синонимы?
Оттенки смысла
Во-первых, английские синонимы передают разные оттенки смысла

и разный накал эмоций. Аналоги слов обогащают язык, оживляют и разнообразят речь. С их помощью разбавляется однообразие изложения и повторение одних и тех же лексем.

Слайд 6Как заменить лексему синонимом
лексему amazing (удивительный) в английском языке можно заменить

огромным числом слов: incredible -невероятный
fabulous-неправдоподобный
wonderful -замечательный
Fantastic- фантастический
astonishing -поразительный
extraordinary -необычайный

Слайд 7Синонимы к слову bad:
• Unfriendly — враждебный
• Evil — злой
• Unfavorable — неблагоприятный
• Rotten

— испорченный
• Immoral — безнравственный
• Sinful — ужасный
• Wicked — злобный
• Depraved — развращенный
• Spoiled — избалованный
• Harmful — пагубный
• Defective — дефектный
• Horrible — жуткий

Слайд 8Синонимы к слову dull:
•Boring — надоедливый
•Stupid — глупый
•Monotonous — монотонный
•Tiring

— изнурительный
•Dumb — молчаливый
•Slow — медленный
•Insensible — безразличный
•Tedious — нудный
•Dreary — унылый
•Listless — апатичный
•Tiresome-утомительный

Слайд 9Синонимы к слову look:
• Watch — наблюдать
• Gaze-вглядываться
• Study — изучать
• Survey — осматривать
• Stare

— уставиться
• Spy — шпионить
• Glance — взглянуть, бросить взгляд
• Peek — заглядывать
• Peep — проглядывать, беглый взгляд
• See-видеть
• Look-взглянуть
• Discover — обнаруживать
• Sight — заметить, высмотреть
• Scrutinize — пристально разглядывать
• View-обозревать

Слайд 10Стиль и беглоcть речи.
(избегайте повторов)
Здоровый образ жизни очень важен,
ведь здоровье

Слайд 11Замена синонимами
It is necessary to keep fit because our physical state
is

Слайд 12Успешно сдать экзамен, зная синонимы
использование синонимов в заданиях ОГЭ и ЕГЭ,

очень актуально, например, при написании эссе или письма. Знание близких по значению слов, очень важно, именно потому, что необходимо показать, что учащийся владеет лексикой. Кроме того, необходимо избегать повторов одних и тех же фраз и выражений.

Слайд 13Наиболее употребляемые слова и их синонимы

Слайд 14Прилагательные и их синонимы
Essential-vital-key-substantial -существенный-жизненно важный-основной-значительный
Awful — dreadful, terrible, horrible —

classification of synonyms

Synonym is one of two or more words having approximately the same meaning, e. g. sad -unhappy, kid — child — infant, large — big, to tell – to relate, little – small.
relationships of synonymous words
criteria of synonymy

Criterion:
words of the same category of parts of speech conveying the same notion but different in shades of meaning or in stylistic characteristics.
semantic criterion:
the same denotational component but differing in connotations or in connotative components.

Synonyms are traditionally classified into ideographic, ideographic-stylistic and absolute.

“to stare — to gaze — to glance — to peer”, “to eat — to take food; to partake — to take food in company with others; to peck — to take food in small quantities, bit by bit; to wolf — to eat greedily, voraciously”. Ideographic synonyms differ in additional implications which constitute the semantic components of the denotational meaning.

are words denoting the same thing, having the same denotational meaning, but differing in stylistic connotation: daddy (colloquial), father (neutral), parent (literary); go on (col. ), continue (neutral), proceed (lit.), go ahead, get going, make a move (col.), begin, start (neutr.), commence (lit).

They are usually found in terminology: e.g. semasiology, semantics; doctor, medical man; scholar, scientist. Each synonymic group comprises a dominant element. The synonymic dominant is the most general term, it expresses the notion common to all synonyms of the group in the most general way: to surprise — to astonish, to amaze, to astound; to tremble — to shiver, to shudder, to shake.

1. high frequency of usage;
2. broad combinability, i.e. ability to be used in combinations with various classes of words; 3. broad general meaning;
4. lack of connotations.

borrowings: to question (Fr.), to interrogate (Lat.) — to ask (native); to mount (Fr.), to ascend (Fr.) — to rise (native) ;
Dialects: lass (girl), handsome (bonny), skirt (kilt) ;
Americanisms: (Br) ;
Productive word-formation processes: historic — historical (aff), lab, pop (shorten.), to win — a win, to invite — an invite (conv. ) ;
Euphemisms: drunk — merry, poor — underprivileged, pregnant — in a family way, naked — in one ’s naked suit.

in meaning.
Antonyms are words which are opposite in meaning: large/small, happy/sad, wet| dry. Antonyms may be verbs, adverbs, adjectives.

1. Antonyms proper, or root, absolute antonyms : alike— different, to attack— to defend, hard— soft.
2. Derivational antonyms formed by means of negative prefixes: obey — disobey, happy -– unhappy.
3. Mixed antonyms : kind—cruel — unkind, wise- — stupid- — silly — unwise, active- — passive-inactive. (two root words and derivational antonyms).
Patterns: Like synonyms antonyms also form antonymic sets (comprising from two to four words):
double — scaled: black — white;
triple-scaled: dry — damp, wet;
four-scaled: provable — disapprovable, improvable, unimprovable (negative prefix).

There are antonyms such as over/under, buy/sell, wife/husband. These antonyms are mutually dependent on each other. There cannot be a wife without a husband. This type of oppositeness, where one item presupposes the other, is called converseness.

These are adjectives which are capable of comparison; they do not refer to absolute qualities: very wet or quite wet, or wetter or drier. Opposites of this kind are called gradable antonyms. There are opposites such as single/married, first/last, alive/dead. These are not gradable opposites : there is no scale of ‘aliveness’ or firstness’. In such cases, if one of the pair of lexemes applies, the other does not. To be alive is not to be dead; and to be dead is not to be alive.

Homonyms are words which have the same
sounding but different meanings and are not connected semantically. Homonyms may be identical in sound and spelling, or, at least in one of these aspects.
Examples: son – sun, tear [ti∂], tear [tεə],
bank (n) – a shore, bank – an institution for receiving, lending, exchanging, and safeguarding money.
Their identical forms are mostly accidental due to phonetic changes which they suffered during their development.

The term homonymy is derived from Greek homos
“similar” and onoma “name”. Homonyms which
are the same in sound and spelling are called homonyms
proper: bank – bank, ball – ball, fit – fitting clothes;
fit – a nervous spasm.
Homophones are words of the same sound but of
different spelling and meaning: buy – bye – by, him – hymn,
scent – cent, knight – night.
Homographs are words different in sound and in meaning
but identical in spelling: bow [bow] – bow [bəu],
tear [tiə] – tear [tεə], row [rou] – row [rau],
wind [wind] – wind [waind].

If two words are homonymous in their complete paradigms
they are called full homonyms: ball- бал, мяч ; pl. balls,
tail ( хвост ) tale, tails – tales. Full homonyms belong
to one and the same part of speech.
If words are homonymous only in some of the forms
of their paradigms they are called partial homonyms:
found – основывать, found – нашел, pail – ведро, pale.
Homonyms may be approached from a different point
of view and classified into lexical and grammatical homonyms.

Lexical homonyms – the same part of speech but have
different meaning. Match – спичка, матч ; piece кусок ; peace — мир.
Grammatical homonyms – different parts of speech:
work – работа, работать; light – свет, светлый.
Lexical homonyms are numerous in the English language.
The trouble of today is that lexical homonyms often enough
come together with polysemy. There is no hard and fast
line of demarcation between the meanings of a polysemantic
word and lexical homonymy. For example, there is
hardly any semantic connection in Modern English between
nail – ноготь, nail – гвоздь notwithstanding the fact that
both of them may be traced back to different meanings of one
and the same word.

There is no universal criterion for the
distinction between polysemy and homonymy.
Scientists offer different solutions but none of them is accepted as universal. The solution offered by V.I. Abayev is related to etymology. According to etymological criterion homonyms are those words that have different sources and only accidentally coincide phonetically. But the etymological criterion may very often lead to distortion of the present-day situation.

Words that coincided phonetically before they penetrated into the English vocabulary are not taken into account. The restriction is that different sources must be traced within the history of the language. The English language of today is not a replica of the Old English vocabulary with some additions from borrowing. It is a different system in many respects and it may not be revealed being guided by etymological criteria only.
Synchronically the differentiation between homonymy
and polysemy is based on the semantic criterion.

I. Phonetic changes which words undergo in
the course of their historical development.
Night – knight in O.E. [knait] the initial k was pronounced.
To write – writan in O.E./
Right – reht
Work (n) wyrkjean
Work (v) weork
II. Borrowing is other source of homonyms.
Piece – peace. I – originated from O.E.
pais and the II – from O.F. pettia.
Bank – a shore – a native word bank
( a financial institution) is Italian.
Match – native (a game, contest),
match ( спички ) – French.

Homonyms of this type are called lexico-grammatical homonyms, they are identical in sound & spelling, refer to different parts of speech.
III. Split polysemy: 2 or more homonyms can originate from different meanings of the same word when the semantic structure of the word breaks into several parts. (nail)