Синонимы application appliance latest

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Задание:

Упражнение 15. Найдите:

a) синонимы

application, appliance, latest, power, use, enable, reach, device, longstanding, make it possible, achieve, energy, transform, old, turn to, most recent;

б) антонимы

future, unlimited, with, past, necessary, limited, old, unnecessary, without, present.

Решение:

a) application — use, appliance — device, latest — most recent, power — energy, enable — make it possible, reach — achieve, longstanding — old, transform — turn to;

б) future — past, unlimited — limited, with — without, necessary — unnecessary, old — present.

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• Определения слова application

  • заявка
  • применение, использование.
    • This winning combination of exceedingly low temperature with molecule mobility opens up a multitude of exciting new applications in chemistry.
  • приложение, программа.
    • en (комп.)
    • It is recommended that you close all applications before continuing with the installation.

Синонимы к слову application

• • appliance
  • attention
  • claim
  • concentration
  • devotion
  • diligence
  • effort
  • function
  • hard work
  • product
  • purpose
  • relevance
  • request
  • single-mindedness
  • submission
  • treatment
  • use

Похожие слова на application

• • application
  • application’s
  • applications

Фразеологизмы для слова application

• • job application

Посмотрите другие слова

• • Что такое speak
  • Определение термина sparrow
  • Толкование слова somebody
  • Что означает понятие sob
  • Лексическое значение soar
  • Словарь значения слов sneeze
  • Грамматическое значение sly
  • Значение слова plain
  • Прямое и переносное значение слова win
  • Происхождение слова job
  • Синоним к слову think
  • Антоним к слову ensure
  • Омоним к слову box
  • Гипоним к слову switch
  • Холоним к слову basically
  • Гипероним к слову aider
  • Пословицы и поговорки к слову avec
  • Перевод слова на другие языки beurre

TEXT 1

●Прочитайте и переведите текст.

ELECTRICITY

It is impossible to imagine our civilization without electricity: economic and social progress will be turned to the past and our daily lives completely transformed.

Electrical power has become universal. Thousands of applications of electricity such as lighting, electrochemistry and electrometallurgy are longstanding and unquestionable.

With the appearance of the electrical motor, power cables replaced trans-mission shafts, gear wheels, belts and pulleys¹ in the 19-th century workshops. And in the home a whole range of various time and labour saving appliances² have become a part of our everyday lives.

Other devices are based on specific properties of electricity: electrostatics in the case of photocopying machine and electromagnetism in the case of radar and television. These applications have made electricity most widely used.

The first industrial application was in the silver workshops in Paris. The generator – a new compact source of electricity – was also developed there. The generator replaced the batteries and other devices that had been used before.

Electric lighting came into wide use at the end of the last century with the development of the electric lamp by Thomas Edison. Then the transformer was invented, the first electric lines and networks were set up, dynamos and induction motors³ were designed.

Since the beginning of the 20-th century the successful development of electricity has begun throughout the industrial world. The consumption of electricity has doubled every ten years.

Today consumption of electricity per capita⁴ is an indicator of the state of development and economic health of a nation. Electricity has replaced other sources of energy as it has been realized that it offers improved service and reduced cost.

One of the greatest advantages of electricity is that it is clean, easily-regulated and generates no by-products⁵. Applications of electricity now cover all fields of human activity from house washing machines to the latest laser devices. Electricity is the efficient source of some of the most recent technological advances such as the laser and electron beams. Truly⁶ electricity provides mankind with the energy of the future.

Notes to the Text

1. transmission shafts, gear wheels, belts and pulleys – трансмиссионные валы, зубчатые колеса, ремни и блоки.

2. time and labour saving appliances – электроприборы, экономящие время и труд.

3. induction motors – индукционные моторы.

4. per capita – на человека; на душу населения.

5. by-products – побочные продукты.

6. truly – поистине.

Vocabulary

advantage – преимущество appearance – появление application – применение, заявление completely – полностью, целиком consumption – потребление, расход to cover – охватить, охватывать

to design – конструировать, проектировать

device – прибор, устройство

to double – удваивать

efficient – эффективный

to generate – вырабатывать,

производить

to imagine – представлять себе, воображать

to invent – изобретать power – энергия, мощность

property – свойство

recent – недавний, последний to reduce – уменьшать, снижать to replace – заменять

set up (set) – воздвигать, сооружать source – источник

state – положение, состояние such as – такой как

to transform – преобразовывать to turn – поворачиваться, обратиться; превратить (into) wide – широкий

without – без whole – весь, целый

in the case of – в случае

to be based on – основываться, быть основанным на…

Упражнения

●Упражнение 1. Найдите:

а) синонимы:

application, appliance, latest, power, use, enable, reach, device, longstanding, make it possible, achieve, energy, transform, old, turn to, most recent;

б) антонимы:

future, unlimited, with, past, necessary, limited, old, unnecessary, without, present.

●Упражнение 2. Ответьте на вопросы, используя слова и словосочетания в скобках.

1. What is electricity? (a source of electric power used in everyday life and industry) 2. What are the sources of electricity? (batteries, generators, electric motors and many other devices) 3. What properties of electricity have made it widely used? (electrostatics and electromagnetism) 4. What are the advantages of electricity? (clearness, easy regulation, no byproducts, low cost, improved service) 5. What are home uses of electricity? (lighting, heating, various time and labour saving appliances, radio, television, video and many others) 6. What are the latest industrial applications of electricity? (lasers and electronic devices)

●Упражнение 3. Составьте предложения.

Electricity The applications of electricity in the home and industry Electricity was used for the first time The generator, a new source of electricity Since the beginning of the 20-th century Today consumption of electricity

have already become universal. has completely transformed our everyday life. per capita is an indicator of the state of development of a nation. the wide industrial use of electricity has begun throughout the world. was also developed in Paris. for industrial purposes in the silver workshops in Paris.

●Упражнение 4. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту.

1. What is this text about? 2. What industrial applications of electricity do you know? 3. What home applications of electricity do you know? 4. Where was the generator developed? 5. Who invented the electric lamp? 6. Do you know who invented the dynamo? 7. Can you imagine our life without electricity? Why?

Упражнение 14.Определите, к какой части речи относятся производные слова и переведите их.

invent — inventor, inventive, invention;

transform — transformer, transformation;

generate — generator, generation, generative;

pollute — polluter, pollutant, pollution;

effect — effective, effectively;

vary — variety, various;

possible — impossible, possibly, possibility;

complete — completely;

recent — recently;

replace — replacement;

economic — economical, economically.

Упражнение 15.Найдите: а) синонимы

application, appliance, latest, power, use, enable, reach, de­vice, longstanding, make it possible, achieve, energy, transform, old, turn to, most recent;

б) антонимы

future, unlimited, with, past, necessary, limited, old, unneces­sary, without, present.

Упражнение 16.Поставьте глагол в скобках в соответствующем времени.

My brother (enter) Moscow University (long ago, already, just, next year, last year, this year, by the end of the month, when I came to Moscow).

Упражнение 17.Найдите предложения со словами to have, one, that, пере­ведите.

Although the US is a large country with many peoples the lan­guage is almost the same wherever one goes. There are two reasons for this. One is that people move around a great deal in the US. A man can grow up in one part of the country, go to college in an­other place, find work in another place and marry a girl from still another part of the country.

The second important factor is public communication. Movies, radio and television all have standard way of speech. The southern part of the US is probably the region with the most individual speech. Southern pronunciation differs from that in the rest of the country. Southerners talk slowly and often do not pronounce «r» or a final «g». Another common Southern expression is the unusual use of the word «evening». In most parts of the country this means the time after the sun goes down, the early part of the night, but to a Southerner it can mean any time after twelve o’clock noon. In the southern mountains there have not been new settlers from other countries for two hundred years. They have ways of speech that are like the English spoken centuries ago when the first people came there from England. Many songs they sing today are those sung long ago in England.

Упражнение 18.Поставьте глагол to be в соответствующей форме.

Today is …, …, 20…

I … at my English class. I … reading a story about Thomas A. Edison. I … learning that his laboratories are in Orange, New Jersey. I… glad to read about such a man as Th.A. Edison. A young inventor … in Thomas Edison’s laboratory. He … looking at an in­vention that … in a glass case. It … an electrical invention. The young inventor’s pencil … in his hand. He … drawing the part of the invention which he came there to study. An Englishman and his young son … in Edison’s laboratory. They … looking at hundreds of

inventions. Many of them … in glass cases. The man and his son … interested in all Mr. Edison’s inventions, they … most interested in the electrical ones. Many of those … in one room. Several tourists …in this room, and among them … the Englishman and his son. The man says to one tourist, «We … interested in electrical ones».

Упражнение 19.Вставьте предлоги to, with, about, at, for, on, in.

This morning father spoke … my brother and me … going to see our aunt this evening. It is our aunt’s birthday. We wanted to sur­prise her family. Our mother was going to go … us. We had to be ready… seven o’clock. We wanted to be … our aunt’s house … seven thirty. We left… my aunt’s house… seven… our mother and father. But the aunt was not … home. Her children had taken her and the uncle… the theater. We laughed: we had a surprise party, but it was on us. We left the presents and went… a show ourselves.

We went… Kuskovo yesterday. I went… my mother and father. We took our lunch … us. We reached Kuskovo … noon. Father went … a parking station, but it was full. He went to another and then … another. Every parking station was crowded. Father drove for a while. … one o’clock he found a place … a car. … two o’clock our friends came, we sat down … grass and ate our lunch. We didn’t see much because too many people were there … Kuskovo. Next time we have a day to spend we shall go … some other place.

Упражнение 20.Дайте недостающие формы глаголов, запомните их.

becoming, set up, keep, understand, spoken, showing, built, left, light.

Упражнение 21.Прочитайте и переведите текст без словаря.

Before Faraday’s inventions in the field of electricity and mag­netism the only source of electricity that was used was the galvanic battery. It made possible some practical applications: the electric light and electric telegraph. The practical use of electricity on a larger scale became possible after developing electromagnetic ma­chines, generators and transformers. It is considered that the devel­opment

Английский призван дать людям ключ к общению.

Готовые работы. Ответы.

Готовые контрольные с ответами дадут необходимый опыт и знания тем, кто изучает английский самостоятельно.

Упражнение 1. Объясните употребление времен группы Perfect, переведите.
1. This is a very good book, I have just read it with pleasure.
2. He has been absent this week. He has been ill.
3. I haven’t seen you for a long time. Where have you been all this time?
4. We haven’t heard about her since 1989.
5. By the beginning of the lecture the laboratory assistant had brought all the necessary diagrams.
6. Before we came to the next lecture we had studied the material of the first one.
7. Have you already finished your diploma work? No, I shall have finished it by the end of June.
8. They will not have passed their exams by the time you return.
9. Many students have been enroled into universities this year.
10. The translation has not been finished yet. It will have been finished by the end of the month.
11. Have you brought these journals with you? No, these journals had been brought by my sister before I returned from St.Petersburg. Don’t you know that?

Упражнение 2.
А. Выберите правильную форму сказуемого.
1. Не (has graduated, graduated) from MSTU named after Bauman this year. He (graduated, will have graduated) from MSTU named after Bauman in 6 years.
2. She (saw, has seen) us in the morning yesterday. She (saw, has seen) us this morning.
3. I (have met, met) him last year. I never (had met, have met) him before.
4. Our group (will do, will have done) a lab work tomorrow.
5. This problem (is discussed, has been discussed) much in the press lately.

В. Переделайте предложения из действительного в страдательный залог.
1. The students have done their homework very well.
2. Bob has left his notebook at home.
3. I have told you about a lecture.
4. The laboratory assistant had prepared the experiment by 2 o’clock.
5. She had finished her test when we came.
6. The teacher will have corrected our dictation by the end of the week.
7. They have not made any mistakes.

Упражнение 3. Переведите предложения.
1. Что вы сделали сегодня? — Я напечатала (to type) много писем. — Я хочу посмотреть письмо к мистеру Д. — Вот, пожалуйста, Я только что напечатала его. — А письмо к мистеру Р.? — Я еще не напечатала это письмо. Я напечатаю его к концу рабочего дня.
2. Вчера мы встретили наших друзей. Мы не видели их с окончания университета. До возвращения в Москву они работали в Орле.
3. Новый завод будет построен к началу следующего года. Он будет оснащен самым современным оборудованием.

Упражнение 4. Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. After the international conference on ecology it has become possible to begin working at environmental problems on a global scale.
2. Some scientists and engineers are working at improving traditional production processes, others are developing new technologies.
3. The new instruments will enable us to determine the level of pollution in our rivers.
4. Our technological advances make it possible to deal with the most difficult problems.
5. Our lecturer’s book on strength of materials is well-known and popular.
6. One must study six years to become an engineer.
7. There is a big library in the new building of our institute. It is a very good library. One may get all the necessary books there and it is possible to keep them till the end of the academic year.
8. It is well-known that technological progress is impossible without electronics, computers, robots and new materials.
9. That ecological problems have become the most important ones at present is evident to all.
10. What is necessary for the students is to get a good qualification.
11. That S.P. Korolyev was the founder of practical cosmonautics is a well- known fact.
12. That theory is combined with practical training is a very good tradition of our educational system.
13. That it is necessary to develop an international ecological program is realized throughout the world.

Упражнение 5. Прочитайте и письменно переведите интернациональные слова. Выучите слова наизусть.
electricity, civilization, economic and social, transformer, universal, electrometallurgy, cable, specific, machine, photocopying machine, radar, Paris, generator, battery, lamp, dynamo, indicator, nation, energy, service, laser, compact.

Text 3A
Прочитайте текст, перечислите наиболее важные изобретения в области электротехники. Переведите.
Electricity
It is impossible to imagine our civilization without electricity: economic and social progress will be turned to the past and our daily lives completely transformed.
Electrical power has become universal. Thousands of applications of electricity such as lighting, electrochemistry and electrometallurgy are longstanding and unquestionable.
With the appearance of the electrical motor, power cables replaced transmission shafts, gear wheels, belts and pulleys1 in the 19-th century workshops. And in the home a whole range of various time and labour saving appliances2 have become a part of our ev¬eryday lives.
Other devices are based on specific properties of electricity: electrostatics in the case of photocopying machine and electromagnetism in the case of radar and television. These applications have made electricity most widely used.
The first industrial application was in the silver workshops in Paris. The generator — a new compact source of electricity — was also developed there. The generator replaced the batteries and other devices that had been used before.
Electric lighting came into wide use at the end of the last century with the development of the electric lamp by Thomas Edison. Then the transformer was invented, the first electric lines and networks were set up, dynamos and induction motors3 were designed.
Since the beginning of the 20th century the successful development of electricity has begun throughout the industrial world. The consumption of electricity has doubled every ten years.
Today consumption of electricity per capita4 is an indicator of the state of development and economic health of a nation. Electricity has replaced other sources of energy as it has been realized that it offers improved service and reduced cost.
One of the greatest advantages of electricity is that it is clean, easily-regulated and generates no by-products5. Applications of electricity now cover all fields of human activity from house washing machines to the latest laser devices. Electricity is the efficient source of some of the most recent technological advances such as the laser and electron beams. Truly6 electricity provides mankind with the energy of the future.

Упражнение 3.1 Письменно ответьте на вопросы к тексту.
1. What is this text about?
2. What industrial applications of electricity do you know?
3. What home applications of electricity do you know?
4. Where was the generator developed?
5. Who invented the electric lamp?
6. Do you know who invented the dynamo?
7. Can you imagine our life without electricity? Why?

Упражнение 3.2 Определите функции глагола to have, письменно переведите предложения.
1. Electricity has many useful properties: it is clean and generates no by-products.
2. It has many important applications in industry as well as in our houses.
3. The latest laser devices have found application in medicine.
4. Electricity has provided mankind with the most efficient source of energy.
5. No other source of energy has been so widely used as electricity.
6. We have many various electric devices in our houses.
7. Our lives have been completely transformed with the appearance of electricity.
8. The generator replaced batteries that had been used before.
9. The consumption of electricity has doubled every ten years.

Упражнение 3.4 Найдите и выделите подлежащее и сказуемое в предложениях.
1. That electricity is clean and easily-regulated is its great advantage.
2. The important fact is that electricity offers improved service at reduced cost.
3. That the two scientists Lodygyn and Yablochkov were the first in Russia to work in the field of electrical engineering is well-known.
4. One of the main advantages of electricity is that it does not pollute the environment.
5. The indicator of nation development is how much electricity is consumed per capita.
6. What has been and is being done in environment protection cannot be measured by yesterday’s standards.

Упражнение 3.5 Определите время и залог глагола-сказуемого. Письменно переведите предложения.
В. 1. It is evident that electricity will be the energy of the future.
2. The transformer was invented and the first electric lines and networks were set up at the end of the 19th century.
3. New powerful electric stations must be built because it is electricity that offers improved standards of life and work.
4. A combination of electric lines and networks are being set up throughout the country.
5. Electric power has become universal.
6. Electricity is transmitted to distant parts of this country by a combination of electric networks.
7. Our power stations have been connected by high voltage transmission lines into several networks.

Упражнение 8. Найдите
а) синонимы
application, appliance, latest, power, use, enable, reach, device, longstanding, make it possible, achieve, energy, transform, old, turn to, most recent;

б) антонимы
future, unlimited, with, past, necessary, limited, old, unnecessary, without, present.

Text 3B
Прочитайте текст. Расскажите по-английски о преимуществах солнечной энергии в качестве источника электричества.
Solar Light by Night
Most people living in towns consider it a usual thing that streets are lit at night. But street lights need a power supply (источник энергии) therefore distant areas with no source of electricity remain in darkness until the sun comes up again.
With new appliances now offered by several British firms, many distant places could be lit with solar-powered street lights. It may seem strange that the lamps can use the power of the sun which shines by day when the lamps are needed at night, but they work by using energy accumulated during the day from a solar panel. The solar panel produces electricity which charges (заряжать) a battery. When the sun goes down, the battery power is then used for lighting. Each lamp has its own panel so the system can be used for one individual light or a number of them.
In the south of Saudi Arabia a motorway tunnel miles from any power supply is lit day and night by solar-powered devices. The solar panels provide power during the day and charge batteries which accumulate enough power to light the tunnel at night. The generation of electricity by batteries is still expensive but the advantage of sun-powered lamps is that they can bring light to areas distant from any other power supply.
There is one more advantage of solar power: not only it is unlimited, but also its use does not pollute the environment. That is why it is very important to develop devices which make it possible to transform solar power into mechanical or electric forms of power.

Text 3C
Прочитайте текст. Найдите информацию о наиболее перспективных источниках энергии и об основных отличиях нетрадиционных источников энергии от традиционных. Изложите основное содержание текста по-английски.
Non-traditional Renewable Sources of Energy
It is known that much is being done in the world today for the development of non-traditional sources of energy. Without them the Earth cannot support its present population of 5 billion people and probably 8 billion people in the 21st century.
Now we are using traditional power sources, that is, oil, natural gas, coal and water power with the consumption of more than 50 billion barrels per year. It is evident that these sources are not unlimited.
That is why it is so important to use such renewable sources of energy as the sun, wind, geothermal energy and others. Research is being carried out in these fields.
One of the most promising (перспективный) research is the development of power stations with direct transformation of solar energy into electricity on the basis of photo-effect. It was Russia that was the first in the world to develop and test a photoelectric battery of 32,000 volts and effective area of only 0.5 sq.m., which made it possible to concentrate solar radiation. This idea is now being intensively developed in many countries,
However, the efficiency of a solar power station is considerably reduced because of the limited time of its work during the year. But it is possible to improve the efficiency of solar power stations by developing different combinations of solar power stations and traditional ones — thermal, atomic and hydraulic. Today some engineers are working at the problem of developing electric power stations with the use of a thermal-chemical cycle. It will operate on products of the transformation of solar energy, whereas the «solar» chemical reactor uses C02 and water steam of the thermal power station. The result is that we have a closed cycle.
In Kamchatka there are geothermal power stations operating on hot water-steam mixture from the depths of about a kilometre. In some projects water will be heated by the warmth of mountains at a depth of four—five km.
It is planned that plants working on the energy of the solar heat provided by the sun will be built on a larger scale.
That different wind energy plants are being developed is also well-known. These energy plants can be small (of several kilowatts) and large powerful systems.
It is important that all these advances in developing new sources of energy and improving the old ones help to solve the energy problem as a whole and they do not have negative effects on the environment.

complex
problems of industry. 9. It is evident that research is becoming

more
specialized now. 10. The use of the new equipment

made
it possible to minimize the number of workers. 11. It is
industrialization

that
is making ecological problems very serious.

Упражнение
21. Определите
функции one
и
thaty
переведите
предложения.

1. The problem that has become the most important one is the

problem
of pollution. 2. One can easily understand why the profession

of
an engineer requires a special college training 3. The new

technologies
that are being developed must be connected with traditional

ones.
4. That air and water pollution by industrialization is

reaching
dangerous levels is realized by everyone. 5. It is the invention

of
an engine that started the first industrial revolution. 6. The

main
purpose of education is that graduates must be able to work

31

with
the technology of tomorrow. 7. The education in Oxford and

Cambridge
is different in many ways from that in other universities.

8.
We discussed the first industrial revolution, the one that took

place
some centuries ago. 9. New robots will have several manipulators

that
will carry out many functions. 10. That computers and

robots
are important for industrial uses is well known to scientists

and
engineers. 11. One must realize that the increasing number of

cars
brings about considerable pollution of the air. 12. It is the

growth
of industrialization that is changing the climate of the

planet.
13. The essential feature of higher education in this country

is
that it combines theory with practice. 14. The simplest materials

are
those which have only one kind of atoms. 15. That the Earth is

round
was unknown for a long time. 16. It is found that the labour

(труд)
of a man with secondary education is 108 per cent more efficient

than
that of a man without that education. Moreover, the

work
of a university or college graduate is 300 per cent more efficient

than
that of a specialist with secondary education.

Упражнение
22. Переведите
предложения с союзами сравнения.

1.
The bigger the cities are, the greater the pollution is. 2. The

more
computers and robots are used in industry, the quicker technological

progress
will be. 3. The more automobiles appear in the

streets,
the worse the air in the cities is. 4. The more effective is the

technology,
the quicker is the development of this country. 5. The

quicker
we joint our efforts in protecting the environment, the

quicker
the ecological problems are solved.

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ

Упражнение
23. Определите
по суффиксу, к какой части речи относятся

слова.

radioactivity,
measurement, interaction, society, nervous,

elimination,
basic, proportion, seriously, symbolic, anxious, ecological.

Упражнение
24. Назовите
глаголы, образованные от следующих
существительных,

и
переведите их.

advancement
(продвижение вперед, прогресс), investment

(капиталовложение),
measurement (измерение), achievement

(достижение),
improvement (улучшение), fulfillment (выполнение).

32

Упражнение
25. Переведите
слова с префиксом re-.

rename,
reopen, renew, renewable, non-renewable, renewal.

Упражнение
26. Найдите
среди следующих слов:

а)
антонимы

slowly,
old, at present, small, quickly, in the past, new, large;

б)
синонимы

tremendous,
epoch, realize, several, work, progress, great,

field,
era, understand, make it possible, different, achieve, some,

advance,
enable, area, various, reach, essential, job, important.

Упражнение
27. Составьте
предложения, пользуясь словами и
выражениями

из
таблицы.

Her
friend

They

I

You

We

are
watching

is
writing

are
listening to

am
reading

is
speaking

a
letter

on
the telephone

the
latest news on the radio

the
TV programme

an
exercise

Упражнение
28.

ми-сказуемыми:

Придумайте
предложения со следующими глагола-

is
changing, was changing, will be changing, are becoming, will

be
developing, are being introduced, was being solved.

Упражнение
29. Раскройте
скобки.

A.
When Peter was a child, he had two drawing books. One of

them
was (large) than the other. His elder brother bought the

(large)
one for him. Peter liked it (well) because the drawings in it

were
(large) and simple. He drew something every day. Each new

day
his drawing was (good) than the one he had made the day before.

The
last page was much (good) than the first one.

B.
After graduating from the institute Mike went to Siberia to a

small
industrial town. It was (difficult) for him to begin his work as

an
engineer than he thought that it would be. He moved to (important)

city
than the first one. He was not (successful) there than before,

however,
and sometimes he was even (unhappy). However, he

was
(happy) about one thing, he was becoming a (useful) specialist.

С
New York is the (large) city in the US. Perhaps, with all its

suburbs
(пригород),
it is the (large) city in the world. It is one of

33

the
(important) industrial cities in the country. Some of the (old)

and
historic buildings are there. Some of the buildings in New York

City
are the (high) buildings in the whole world. New York City is

not
only the (large) city in the US; it is also the (important)
industrial

center.
Perhaps, the (expensive) office buildings in the world

are
there. It has the (great) number of factories, the (large) banks

and
post offices. It sends out many letters and receives the (heavy)

mail
bags. It is truly the (important) business city.

Упражнение
30. Прочитайте
текст и озаглавьте его.

The
highest mountain in the world is Mount Everest — 29,002

feet
high. The largest ocean is the Pacific having a total area of

63,986,000
square miles. The Atlantic Ocean, the next largest, is

only
31,530,000 square miles, the Indian Ocean with 28,350,000

square
miles comes third. The longest river is the Nile which is

more
than 4,000 miles longer or about twice the distance by air

from
London to Beirut. The biggest island is Greenland which belongs

to
Denmark and is about 840,000 square miles in extent. The

largest
lake is the Caspian Sea. Geographers consider it as a lake

because
it is not connected with any of the great oceans. It has an

area
of about 170,000 square miles. Which is the deepest sea? So

far,
as we know at present the greatest depth is in the Pacific Ocean

near
the Philippines and goes down to 37,000 feet, which is much

more
than the height of Everest. The biggest volcano is in Ecuador,

South
America. It is still active and 19,612 feet high. There is another

one
between Argentina and Chile and it is more than 3,000

feet
higher.

Упражнение
31. Напишите
существительные в единственном числе.

cities,
countries, societies, universities, technologies, lorries,

industries,
dictionaries, territories, theories, communities.

Упражнение
32. Дайте
недостающие формы глаголов, запомните
их.

grown.
Stand, dealing, brought, knew, making, send, found,

thought,
spending.

Упражнение
33. Прочитайте
и переведите текст без словаря.

It
is difficult for mankind to predict (предсказать)
changes in

the
environment accurately. It is known that natural changes in

weather
and climate may have more catastrophic global effects

than
human activity. But scientists are developing a new concept

34

that
can help make such prediction more accurately. It is based on

our
understanding that the Earth is an integral system. Its parts —

oceans,
atmosphere, land or life — cannot be understood in isolation

to
predict changes in the most accurate way. Modern scientific

and
technological progress made it possible to use new technologies

for
that purpose. That satellites can control physical, chemical,

biological
and geological changes on a global scale is well-known

now.
One must also know that the study of environmental problems

with
the help of satellites is becoming international. Russia, the

US,
France, Japan, Canada, India, China and Italy are planning to

send
their satellites in both polar and geostationary orbits.

CONVERSATION

Exercise
1. Answer*the questions according to the example:

What
is one of the most important problems for mankind now? (the problem
of pollution

and
ecology).

The
problem of pollution and ecology is one of the most important
problems for

mankind
now.

1.
What problem is becoming a global problem? (the problem of

air
and water pollution). 2. What makes it possible to eliminate air

and
water pollution? (scientific knowledge and technological advance,

good
will and large investments). 3. What are scientists in

industrially
developed countries currently working on? (the theory

of
interaction of the atmospheric and oceanic global processes).

4.
What factors are slowly changing the global climate and

water
balance? (the growth of population, industrialization and use

of
resources). 5. What actions are necessary to take to deal
successfully

with
the problem of protecting the environment throughout

the
world? (planning, developing international programs to study

ecological
data, joint efforts of scientists and special public organizations).

Exercise
2. Make a sentence out of the two parts.

1.
At present one of the most 1. are becoming seriously polimportant

problems
for mankind luted by industry.

2.
The rivers, seas and oceans 2. are successfully being carried

out
on a global scale.

3.
That purifying air, water and 3. it is possible to eliminate air

soil
is changing from a national and water pollution by planned

to
a global problem actions of human society as a

whole.

35

4.
Therefore, it is necessary 4. is evident to all.

5.
Scientists expect that 5. to take measures to safeguard

natural
resources and the environment

on
a global scale.

6.
Large-scale experiments in 6. is that air and water pollution

this
area is reaching very large proportions.

Exercise
3.
Read and learn.

Rita:
Did you have a nice weekend?

Mary:
Yes, I did. I was tired of watching television, going to parties,

to
the movies and so on. John and I decided to go to Pennsylvania

University
to take part in the discussion on environmental

problems.

R.:
Oh, really! How unusual! That must have been interesting.

M.:
Yes, it was. There were a lot of scientists and politicians. Have

you
heard about such a firm called «Sanyo»?

R.:
Certainly. It is well known for its electronics.

M.:
It’s one of the first companies to make products that don’t

pollute
the environment.

R.:
Oh, my father told us about new heating systems made by this

company.
They use clean and safe technology.

Exercise
4. Speak
about:

1.
The problem of pollution and ecology is one of the most important

problems
for mankind.

2.
Ecological problems in your home town, especially the problem

of
air pollution.

Use
exercise 1, 2 and the following words and word combinations for your

topic:
to become polluted by industry and transport; to reach high level; to
develop

a
program of purifying air in industrial centers; to take necessary
measures; for

eliminating
pollution; new technologies; make it possible; successfully.

Exercise
5. Read
and smile.

One
evening Rutherford entered the laboratory. It was late, but

he
found one of his students working with some apparatus.

«What
are you doing here so late?» Rutherford asked.

«I’m
working, sir,» was the answer.

«And
what do you do in the day time?»

«Oh,
I work, of course, sir,» answered the student.

«Do
you work early in the morning, too?»

36

«Yes,
professor, I work early in the morning, too,» said the student,

quite
sure that the famous scientist would praise (хвалить)
him.

Rutherford
looked at him gloomily (мрачно).

«Tell
me,» he asked with irritation (раздражение),
«when do

you
think?»

Text
2B

Прочитайте
текст. Укажите отрицательные стороны
научно-технического

прогресса.
Приведите примеры экологической ситуации
в Вашем городе.

Pollution

The
British, like many other Europeans, are becoming more

and
more worried (беспокоиться)
about their environment. Here

are
some of the environmental problems that they face.

As
the population of large cities like London, Birmingham and

Manchester
continues to grow, pollution problems become worse.

The
air in many towns and cities is being polluted by traffic

(транспорт,
движение)
and industry. The number of cars and lorries

is
growing all the time. On the one hand, they bring mobility to

millions
of people, but on the other hand, they need bigger, better

and
more expensive roads, which often ruin the countryside

(сельская
местность).
Traffic in cities is getting worse and worse.

Water
pollution has become a serious problem in many British

rivers.
People living near aiфorts
suffer from the noise of increasingly

larger
and more powerful jet airliners taking off and landing.

Text
2C

Прочитайте
текст. Расскажите по-английски о
результатах исследования,

проведенного
Всемирной организацией здравоохранения.

Ecological
Problems of Big Cities

There
are over 150 supercities in the world with population

from
one to 15 million and more. Tokyo, New York, London,

Mexico
City, Rio de Janeiro and Moscow are just a few of the cities

which
have become supercities.

People
in the supercities suffer from polluted environment: bad

water,
bad air and noise. A new term, urban (городской)
climate,

is
used now for such cities. It means high temperature, oppressive

atmosphere
and intensive smog.

Some
experts consider that it is practically impossible to protect

the
big cities from pollution. The World Health Organization

(WHO)
studied air pollution around the world for over eight years.

37

It
measured two things: the level of sulphur dioxide (SO2) in the air

and
the level of smoke. Sulphur dioxide and smoke pollute water

and
have serious effect on forest, buildings and health of people.

In
the WHO report it is shown that the cities with the most considerable

level
of CO2 in the air are Milan, Teheran, Prague, Santiago

and
Sao Paulo. However, some cities with clean air get worse

in
winter. Helsinki, for example, becomes one of the cities with the

largest
proportion of it in the air in winter. This must be connected

with
the heating of houses. One can also mention (упоминать)

Glasgow
and Warsaw which suffer in the same way.

Text
2D

Прочитайте
текст. Расскажите по-английски о
достопримечательностях

современного
Лондона.

London,
its History and Development

It
is known that the area around London was inhabited

(населять)
by the Celts. Later the Romans founded a military

camp
there. The camp developed into a port. The area of about 1

square
mile where the Romans built their fortifications corresponds

approximately
to today present City of London. London

was
the capital of one of the Roman provinces of Britain. After the

Romans
left Britain, London became less important and suffered

greatly
from the Danes and Vikings. It was under Henry the First

in
the 12th century that London finally became the capital of

England.
In the 16th century London, with its 500,000 inhabitants,

was
the largest city in England. Under Queen Elizabeth the

First
in the 17th century England dominated the oceans and became

the
Empire. It is in the Elizabethan Age that art, culture and

literature
flowered, especially in London. Over the centuries London

became
the centre of a constantly growing empire. The empire

reached
its apex (вершина) under Queen Victoria. Industrialization

and
the expansion of international trade brought

London
power, growth and cultural and economic development.

In
the First and Second World Wars London was ruined considerably.

Some
9 million people now live in London and its suburbs, and

the
city covers an area of 620 square miles, making it one of the

largest
of the world’s capitals. One reason for its size is that the

English
people like to live in small houses and have small gardens.

As
a result, less than 5,000 people live in the City of London, while

38

more
than half a million come here to work in the daytime. Today

London
is the capital of Great Britain and is also the seat of the

Royal
Family, the Parliament, the major administrative bodies and

scientific
institutions.

The
Houses of Parliament stand on the bank of the Thames at

Westminster
Abbey. Actually it is one building but it is called

«Houses»
as it consists of two chambers: the House of Lords and

the
House of Commons. It was set up in the 13-th century. At one

end
of the Houses of Parliament there is a tower with a large clock.

The
largest bell, known as Big Ben, chimes in (отбивать часы)
the

hour.

Westminster
Abbey was a monastery built in the 8th century. It

is
one of the best examples of the Early English architecture. The

kings
and queens of England are buried there. Many great statesmen,

writers
and poets are also buried there.

In
the centre of London there is one of the most beautiful

squares
— Trafalgar Square which was named so to commemorate

(в
честь) Nelson’s victory in the battle of Trafalgar. There is the

monument
in its centre known as Nelson’s Column.

In
the vicinity of Trafalgar Square is Whitehall which is now a

street
of government offices. Not far from Whitehall is Downing

Street.
Number 10 Downing Street is the residence of the Prime

Minister
of England. The Cabinet meets there. One must mention

the
British Museum. It is one of the most extensive and valuable

museums
in West Europe, It was founded in 1753. It also comprises

the
National Library. There are other numerous museums

and
galleries displaying interesting finds from all parts of the

world
and from all stages in the development of nature, man and

art.
There are also two large opera houses, the National Theatre

and
50 other theatres. Monuments of past greatness are everywhere

in
London.

ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНЫЕ
ЗАДАНИЯ

Упражнение
1. A. Прочитайте
следующие словосочетания из текста 2А
и

постарайтесь
догадаться о значении выделенных слов.

L
to protect the
environment

2.
become seriously
polluted

3.
suffer from
pollution

4.
interaction of
all processes

5.
the essential feature

39

6.
protection is imperative
today

7.
public
organizations

8.
safeguarding
natural
resources

B.
Подберите к каждому слову в колонке А
соответствующее значение из

колонки
В.

А
В

1.
protect а. do not feel well

2.
serious b. for all people

3.
suffer с keep safe from smth.

4.
interaction d. protection

5.
essential e. needing attention

6.
imperative f. important

7.
public g. necessary, most important, fundamental

8.
safeguarding h. action on each other

Упражнение

⩚ A. Прочитайте текст и постарайтесь
догадаться о значении

выделенных
слов.

One
of the most urgent
environmental
problems in the world

today
is the shortage of clean water. Access
to
clean drinking water

is
a basic human need. But industrial pollution has made many

sources
of water undrinkable. Rivers, lakes and even seas have become

poisonous.

Lake
Baikal is one of the world’s largest and most beautiful

lakes.
Russians call it the Holy Sea. It contains a rich variety of animals

and
plants,
including
1,300 rare
species that
do not exist anywhere

else
in the world. However, they are being destroyed by the

massive
industrial effluent,
which
some factories still pour
into
the

lake
every day.

A
few years ago, people thought that the supply of clean water

was
limitless. Now clean water is scarce,
and
we are beginning to

respect
this
precious
resource.
We must protect the clean water

that
remains for the sake
of
our children and grandchildren.

B.
Подберите к каждому слову в колонке А
соответствующее из колонки В.

А

1.
urgent

2.
access

3.
poisonous

4.
plant

5.
rare

В

a.
group, sort, kind of

b.
in the interest of

с
unusual, not often seen

d.
of great value (price)

e.
needing action

40

6.
species

7.
destroy

8.
effluent

9.
pour

10.
scarce

11.
respect

12.
precious

13.
sake

f.
not available, not equal to the demand

g.
come freely, flow in a continuous stream

h.
way (road) to, means of using

i.
think about, pay attention to

j.
living organism the kind smaller than trees

k.
break, put an end to

1.
harmful, causing death

m.
waste from a factory

Упражнение
3, Заполните
таблицы на словообразование.

Noun

change

…

development

action

…

elimination

—
»

Verb

achieve

advance

protect

pollute

increase

interact

Noun

variety

ecology

environment

danger

industry

globe

nature

ocean

Adjective

•
•

..

safe

numerous

…

Упражнение
4. Заполните
пропуски словами global
environmental, pollute,

dangerous,
scale, environment, protection, resources, increase.

People
are worried about the (1) … (the air, water, and land

around
us) as a result of the (2)… effects of human activity.
«Developments

»
that are making our life more comfortable such as

industrialization,
urbanization and the use of cars all (3) … the

earth’s
atmosphere. There are some of the (4) … problems today:

the
ozone layer, (5) … warming (an (6) … in world temperature),

the
conservation and (7) … of nature and natural (8) … on a

global
(9) …

Упражнение
5. A. Назовите
10-15 ключевых слов и словосочетаний на

тему
«Environment protection».

В.
Speak about:

The
problem of clean water in your town.

41

LESSON
3

Времена
группы Perfect
Active, Passive

Подлежащее,
сказуемое

Суффиксы
-er/’or,
-antf-ent

Префиксы
ип’/im-

Text
ЗА. Electricity

Text
3B. A
Great Citizen of the World

Text
3C. Solar
Light by Night

Text
3D. Non-traditional
Renewable Sources of Energy

ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

Упражнение
1. Объясните
употребление времен группы Perfect,
переведите.

1.
This is а very good book, I have just read it with pleasure. 2.

He
has been absent this week. He has been ill. 3.1 haven’t seen you

for
a long time. Where have you been all this time? 4. We haven’t

heard
about her since 1989. 5. By the beginning of the lecture the

laboratory
assistant had brought all the necessary diagrams. 6. Before

we
came to the next lecture we had studied the material of the

first
one. 7. Have you already finished your diploma work? No, I

shall
have finished it by the end of June. 8. They will not have

passed
their exams by the time you return. 9. Many students have

been
enroled into universities this year. 10. The translation has not

been
finished yet. It will have been finished by the end of the

month.
11. Have you brought these journals with you? No, these

journals
had been brought by my sister before I returned from

St.Petersburg.
Don’t you know that?

Упражнение
2. A. Выберите
правильную форму сказуемого.

1.
Не (has graduated, graduated) from MSTU named after

Bauman
this year. He (graduated, will have graduated) from MSTU

42

named
after Bauman in 6 years. 2. She (saw, has seen) us in the

morning
yesterday. She (saw, has seen) us this morning. 3.1 (have

met,
met) him last year. I never (had met, have met) him before.

4.
Our group (will do, will have done) a lab work tomorrow. 5. This

problem
(is discussed, has been discussed) much in the press lately.

This
problem (was discussed, had been discussed) yesterday.

B.
Переделайте предложения из действительного
в страдательный залог.

1.
The students have done their homework very well. 2. Bob has

left
his notebook at home. 3.1 have told you about a lecture. 4. The

laboratory
assistant had prepared the experiment by 2 o’clock.

5.
She had finished her test when we came. 6. The teacher will have

corrected
our dictation by the end of the week. 7. They have not

made
any mistakes.

Упражнение
3. Переведите
предложения.

1.
Что ВЫ сделали сегодня? — Я напечатала
(to type) много

писем.
— Я хочу посмотреть письмо к мистеру
Д. — Вот, пожалуйста.

Я
только что напечатала его. — А письмо
к мистеру

Р.?
— Я еще не напечатала это письмо. Я
напечатаю его к

концу
рабочего дня. 2. Вчера мы встретили наших
друзей. Мы

не
видели их с окончания университета. До
возвращения в

Москву
они работали в Орле. 3. Новый завод будет
построен к

началу
следующего года. Он будет оснащен самым
современным

оборудованием.

Упражнение
4. Прочитайте
и объясните употребление времен.

At
the Institute

Vera:
Hello, Mike! What are you doing here?

Mike:
Hello, Vera! I am reading for my mathematics exam.

v.:
But your group has passed it already, hasn’t it?

M.:
Yes, it has, but I was absent at this time. So I’ll take this exam

tomorrow.

v.:
Is it difficult for you to take this exam?

M.:
No, it is not. I have finished a specialized mathematical school

where
mathematics was studied more thoroughly (тщательно)

than
at other schools. Besides, I have taken part in a mathematics

contest
of our city.

v.:
Really? Have you? When was it?

M.:
It was last year.

v.:
Were you the first at this contest?

43

М.:
No, I was the second. The first one was the boy from one of the

Novosibirsk
mathematical schools,

v.:
Have you ever been to Novosibirsk?

M.:
Yes, I have been there this year with a group of students of our

faculty,

v.:
What have you seen there?

M.:
Oh, I have seen a lot. But now I have no time to tell you about

it.
Well, Vera, what are you doing here? Are you reading for

your
exams too?

v.:
No, I am not. I’ve passed all my exams with good marks this

term
and so my holidays have already started. Fm waiting for

my
friend here. Good luck, Mike.

Упражнение
5. Определите,
чем выражено подлежащее каждого
предложения,

переведите.

1.
After the international conference on ecology it has become

possible
to begin working at environmental problems on a global

scale.
2. Some scientists and engineers are working at improving

traditional
production processes, others are developing new technologies,

3.
The new instruments will enable us to determine the

level
of pollution in our rivers. 4. Our technological advances make

it
possible to deal with the most difficult problems. 5. Our lecturer’s

book
on strength of materials is well-known and popular. 6. One

must
study six years to become an engineer. 7. There is a big library

in
the new building of our institute. It is a very good library. One

may
get all the necessary books there and it is possible to keep them

till
the end of the academic year. 8. It is well-known that technological

progress
is impossible without electronics, computers, robots

and
new materials. 9. That ecological problems have become

the
most important ones at present is evident to all. 10. What is

necessary
for the students is to get a good qualification. 11.That

S.P.
Korolyev was the founder of practical cosmonautics is a wellknown

fact.
12. That theory is combined with practical training is a

very
good tradition of our educational system. 13. That it is necessary

to
develop an international ecological program is realized

throughout
the world.

Упражнение
6. Найдите
сказуемое в каждом предложении,
переведите.

1.
The electronic industry produces several types of minicomputers.

2.
The air in many cities has been polluted by traffic and

industry.
3. The lecture on environment protection was very interesting.

4.
Mankind has never experienced changes in life and work

44

on
such a scale. 5. The task of the world community is to improve

the
ecological situation in the world. 6. In six years we shall become

engineers.
7. It is possible to take measures to protect environment

on
a global level by the joint efforts of all countries.

8.
Professor N. is the dean of our faculty. 9. The important feature

of
our education is that it combines theory with practical training.

10.
The main tendency of our life is that computers are being used

in
all spheres of technology, science and everyday life. 11. The
essential

feature
in environment protection is that most of it is done

by
public initiative. 12. What is necessary today is that the protection

of
global natural resources must be planned. 13. Today one of

the
most important problems is that big cities are polluted.

СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЕ

Упражнение
7.
Переведите следующие производные слова
согласно образцу:

глагол
+
-ег/-ог
=
существительное

to
teach — учить, обучать ->
teacher
—
учитель

to
regulate — регулировать ->
regulator
— регулятор

to
lecture — lecturer, to speak — speaker, to invent — inventor,

to
generate — generator, to transform — transformer, to indicate —

indicator,
to compute — computer;

суффиксы
прилагательных -ant/’Cnt

to
excel — превосходить ->
excellent
— превосходный

important,
efficient, distant, evident, confident, recent;

отрицательные
префиксы un-fimquestionable

—
спорный
-^
unquestionable
—
неоспоримый,

несомненный

material
— immaterial, limited — unlimited, important — unimportant,

usual
— unusual, natural — unnatural, necessary — unnecessary,

known
— unknown, qualified — unqualified, changing —

unchanging,
seen — unseen, possible — impossible, perfect — imperfect,

personal
— impersonal, mobile — immobile.

Упражнение
8. Прочитайте
и переведите интернациональные слова.

electricity
[ilek’trisiti], civilization [,sivilai’zeijen], economic

and
social progress [‘preugres], transformer [traens’foime], universal

[ju:niVe:s9l],
electrometallurgy [ilektreume’taeledsi], cable

[‘keibl],
specific [spi’sifik], machine [m9’Ji:n], photocopying

machine,
radar [‘reide], Paris [‘paeris], generator [‘dsenereite],

45

battery
[‘baetari], lamp [laemp], dynamo [‘dainameu], indicator

[‘indikeite],
nation [‘neijan], energy [‘enacfei], service [‘S9:vis],

laser
[‘leiza], compact [‘kompaekt].

Упражнение
9. Прочитайте
и запомните произношение слов.

imagine
[I’maedjin], turn [te:n], daily [‘deili], completely

[kam’pli:tli],
power [‘paua], appearance [a’piarans], gear [gia],

pulley
[‘pull], whole [haul], range [reincfe], device [diVais],

source
[so:s], century [‘sen^uri], design [di’zain], since [sins],

consumption
[кап’злтр/ап], double [dAbI], health [heIG], reduce

[ri’djuis],
beam [bi:m], advantages [adVointicfeiz], clean [kli:n],

regulated
[‘regjuleitid], generate [‘chjenareit], human [‘hju:man],

latest
[leitist].

СЛОВА
И СЛОВОСОЧЕТАНИЯ ДЛЯ ЗАПОМИНАНИЯ

advantage
п
—
преимущество

appearance
п
—
появление

application
п
~
применение,

заявление

completely
adv
—
полностью,

целиком

consumption
п
—
потребление,

расход

cover
п
— охватить,
охватывать,

design
V
— конструировать,

проектировать

device
п
— прибор,
устройство

double
V
— удваивать

efficient
а
— эффективный

generate
v
— вырабатывать,

производить

imagine
v
— представлять

себе,
воображать

invent
V
— изобретать

power
п
— энергия,
мощность

property
п
— свойство

recent
а
— недавний,
последний

reduce
v
— уменьшать, снижать

replace
v
-— заменять

set
up (set)
V — воздвигать,

сооружать

source
п
—
источник

state
п
— положение,
состояние

such
as —
такой как

transform
v
— преобразовывать

turn
V
— поворачиваться, обратиться;

превратить
(into)

wide
а
—
широкий

without
ргр
—
без

whole
а
— весь,
целый

in
the case of —
в случае

to
be based on —
основываться,

быть
основанным на

46

Text
ЗА

прочитайте
текст, перечислите наиболее важные
изобретения в области

электротехники.
Переведите.

Electricity

It
is impossible to imagine our civilization without electricity:

economic
and social progress will be turned to the past and our

daily
lives completely transformed.

Electrical
power has become universal. Thousands of applications

of
electricity such as lighting, electrochemistry and electrometallurgy

are
longstanding and unquestionable.

With
the appearance of the electrical motor, power cables replaced

transmission
shafts, gear wheels, belts and pulleys^ in the

19-th
century workshops. And in the home a whole range of various

time
and labour saving appliances^ have become a part of our everyday

lives.

Other
devices are based on specific properties of electricity:

electrostatics
in the case of photocopying machine and electro magnetism

in
the case of radar and television. These applications have

made
electricity most widely used.

The
first industrial application was in the silver workshops in

Paris.
The generator — a new compact source of electricity — was

also
developed there. The generator replaced the batteries and

other
devices that had been used before.

Electric
lighting came into wide use at the end of the last century

with
the development of the electric lamp by Thomas Edison.

Then
the transformer was invented, the first electric lines and networks

were
set up, dynamos and induction motors^ were designed.

Since
the beginning of the 20th century the successful development

of
electricity has begun throughout the industrial world. The

consumption
of electricity has doubled every ten years.

Today
consumption of electricity per capita»* is an indicator of

the
state of development and economic health of a nation. Electricity

has
replaced other sources of energy as it has been realized

that
it offers improved service and reduced cost.

One
of the greatest advantages of electricity is that it is clean,

easily-regulated
and generates no by-products^. Applications of

electricity
now cover all fields of human activity from house washing

machines
to the latest laser devices. Electricity is the efficient

source
of some of the most recent technological advances such as

the
laser and electron beams. Truly^ electricity provides mankind

with
the energy of the future.

47

Notes
to the Text

1.
transmission shafts, gear wheels, belts and pulleys —
трансмиссионные

валы,
зубчатые колеса, ремни и блоки

2.
time and labour saving appliances — электроприборы,
экономящие

время
и труд

3.
induction motors — индукционные моторы

4.
per capita — на человека; на душу населения

5.
by-products — побочные продукты

6.
truly — поистине

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

Упражнение
10. Просмотрите
текст ЗА и ответьте на вопросы.

1.
What is this text about? 2. What industrial applications of

electricity
do you know? 3. What home applications of electricity

do
you know? 4. Where was the generator developed? 5. Who invented

the
electric lamp? 6. Do you know who invented the dynamo?

7.
Can you imagine our life without electricity? Why?

Упражнение
11. Определите
функции глагола to
have, переведите.

1.
Electricity has many useful properties: it is clean and generates

no
by-products. 2. It has many important applications in industry

as
well as in our houses. 3. The latest laser devices have

found
application in medicine. 4. Electricity has provided mankind

with
the most efficient source of energy. 5. No other source of energy

has
been so widely used as electricity. 6. We have many various

electric
devices in our houses. 7. Our lives have been completely

transformed
with the appearance of electricity. 8. The generator replaced

batteries
that had been used before. 9.The consumption of

electricity
has doubled every ten years.

Упражнение
12. Найдите
подлежащее и сказуемое в предложениях,
переведите.

1.
That electricity is clean and easily-regulated is its great
advantage.

2.
The important fact is that electricity offers improved

service
at reduced cost. 3. That the two scientists Lodygyn and

Yablochkov
were the first in Russia to work in the field of electrical

engineering
is well-known. 4. One of the main advantages of electricity

is
that it does not pollute the environment. 5. The indicator

of
nation development is how much electricity is consumed per capita.

6.
What has been and is being done in environment protection

cannot
be measured by yesterday’s standards.

48

Упражнение
13. Определите
время и залог глагола-сказуемого,
переведите

предложения.

A.
1.1 have not cleaned the window yet. I am cleaning it now. I

have
cleaned it. 2. But Bob has a different idea. 3, Last year she

passed
school leaving exams. 4. We will be studying for our exams

at
the end of the term. 5. While we were having supper, all the

lights
went out. 6. Will people speak the same language all over the

world?
7. People will land on Mars in the 21st century. 8. I think

cars
will be powered by electric batteries in five years’ time and

they
will not be powered by atomic power in 100 years’ time. 9. The

Earth
is getting warmer because of the increase of carbon dioxide in

the
atmosphere.

B.
1. It is evident that electricity will be the energy of the future.

2.
The transformer was invented and the first electric lines

and
networks were set up at the end of the 19th century. 3. New

powerful
electric stations must be built because it is electricity that

offers
improved standards of life and work. 4. A combination of

electric
lines and networks are being set up throughout the country.

5.
Electric power has become universal 6. Electricity is transmitted

to
distant parts of this country by a combination of electric networks.

7.
Our power stations have been connected by high voltage

transmission
lines into several networks.

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ

Упражнение
14. Определите,
к какой части речи относятся производные

слова
и переведите их.

invent
— inventor, inventive, invention;

transform
— transformer, transformation;

generate
— generator, generation, generative;

pollute
— polluter, pollutant, pollution;

effect
— effective, effectively;

vary
— variety, various;

possible
— impossible, possibly, possibility;

complete
— completely;

recent
— recently;

replace
— replacement;

economic
— economical, economically.

Упражнение
15. Найдите:

a)
синонимы

application,
appliance, latest, power, use, enable, reach, device,

longstanding,
make it possible, achieve, energy, transform,

old,
turn to, most recent;

49

б)
антонимы

future,
unlimited, with, past, necessary, limited, old, unnecessary,

without,
present.

Упражнение
16. Поставьте
глагол в скобках в соответствующем
времени.

My
brother (enter) Moscow University (long ago, already, just,

next
year, last year, this year, by the end of the month, when I

came
to Moscow).

Упражнение
17. Найдите
предложения со словами to
have, one, that, переведите.

Although
the US is a large country with many peoples the language

is
almost the same wherever one goes. There are two reasons

for
this. One is that people move around a great deal in the US. A

man
can grow up in one part of the country, go to college in another

place,
find work in another place and marry a girl from still

another
part of the country.

The
second important factor is public communication. Movies,

radio
and television all have standard way of speech. The southern

part
of the US is probably the region with the most individual

speech.
Southern pronunciation differs from that in the rest of the

country.
Southerners talk slowly and often do not pronounce «r» or

a
final «g». Another common Southern expression is the unusual

use
of the word «evening». In most parts of the country this means

the
time after the sun goes down, the early part of the night, but to

a
Southerner it can mean any time after twelve o’clock noon. In the

southern
mountains there have not been new settlers from other

countries
for two hundred years. They have ways of speech that are

like
the English spoken centuries ago when the first people came

there
from England. Many songs they sing today are those sung

long
ago in England.

Упражнение
18. Поставьте
глагол to
be в
соответствующей форме.

Today
is …, …, 20…

I
… at my English class. I … reading a story about Thomas

A.
Edison. I … learning that his laboratories are in Orange, New

Jersey.
I… glad to read about such a man as Th.A. Edison. A
young

inventor
… in Thomas Edison’s laboratory. He … looking at an invention

that
… in a glass case. It … an electrical invention. The

young
inventor’s pencil … in his hand. He … drawing the part of

the
invention which he came there to study. An Englishman and his

young
son … in Edison’s laboratory. They … looking at hundreds of

50

inventions.
Many of them … in glass cases. The man and his son …

interested
in all Mr. Edison’s inventions, they … most interested in

the
electrical ones. Many of those … in one room. Several tourists

…
in this room, and among them … the Englishman and his son.

The
man says to one tourist, «We … interested in electrical ones».

Упражнение
19. Вставьте
предлоги to,
with, about, at, for, on, in.

This
morning father spoke … my brother and me … going to see

our
aunt this evening. It is our aunt’s birthday. We wanted to surprise

her
family. Our mother was going to go … us. We had to be

ready…
seven o’clock. We wanted to be … our aunt’s house …

seven
thirty. We left… my aunt’s house… seven… our mother and

father.
But the aunt was not … home. Her children had taken her

and
the uncle… the theater. We laughed: we had a surprise party,

but
it was on us. We left the presents and went… a show ourselves.

We
went… Kuskovo yesterday. I went… my mother and father.

We
took our lunch … us. We reached Kuskovo … noon. Father

went
… a parking station, but it was full. He went to another and

then
… another. Every parking station was crowded. Father drove

for
a while. … one o’clock he found a place … a car…. two o’clock

our
friends came, we sat down … grass and ate our lunch. We didn’t

see
much because too many people were there … Kuskovo. Next

time
we have a day to spend we shall go … some other place.

Упражнение
20. Дайте
недостающие формы глаголов, запомните
их.

becoming,
set up, keep, understand, spoken, showing, built,

left,
light.

Упражнение
21. Прочитайте
и переведите текст без словаря.

Before
Faraday’s inventions in the field of electricity and magnetism

the
only source of electricity that was used was the galvanic

battery.
It made possible some practical applications: the electric

light
and electric telegraph. The practical use of electricity on a

larger
scale became possible after developing electromagnetic machines,

generators
and transformers. It is considered that the development

of
the induction motor has become the most important

technical
achievement. At first, the induction motor had a constant

and
unchangeable speed (скорость). Some years later a motor with

two
speeds was designed. Since its invention the induction motor

has
been considerably improved and its power increased. But the

principle
of operation still remains the same.

51

CONVERSATION

Exercise
1. Answer
the questions.

1.
What is electricity? (a source of electric power used in every

day
life and industry) 2. What are the sources of electricity?
(batteries,

generators,
electric motors and many other devices) 3. What

properties
of electricity have made it widely used? (electrostatics

and
electromagnetism) 4. What are the advantages of electricity?

(clearness,
easy regulation, no byproducts, low cost, improved

service)
5. What are home uses of electricity? (lighting, heating,

various
time and labour saving appliances, radio, television, video

and
many others) 6. What are the latest industrial applications of

electricity?
(lasers and electronic devices)

Exercise
2.
Make a sentence out of the two parts.

1.
Electricity

2.
The applications of

electricity
in the home and

industry

3.
Electricity was used for

the
first time

4.
The generator, a new

source
of electricity

5.
Since the beginning of

the
20-th century

6.
Today consumption of

electricity

1.
have already become universal.

2.
has completely transformed our

everyday
life.

3.
per capita is an indicator of the

state
of development of a nation.

4.
the wide industrial use of

electricity
has begun throughout

the
world.

5.
was also developed in Paris.

6.
for industrial purposes in the

silver
workshops in Paris.

Exercise
3. Read
and learn.

A
Story about Edison

Edison:
Oh, Ben, I’m glad to see you. How are you?

Wilson:
Fine, and how are you?

Ed.:
So-so. A lot of work to do. Just
today I’ve begun some important

work.
Oh, excuse me, meet my assistant John Smith.

John,
this is my old friend from my home town, Ben Wilson.

Smith:
How do you do, Mr.Wilson?

W:
How do you do, Mr.Smith? Glad
to meet you.

Ed.:
Will you come to my laboratory and have dinner with John

and
me tonight?

W.:
Yes, I will.

Ed.:
Come at six tonight, will you?

52

W.:
ГЦ
certainly come.

At
six o’clock at the laboratory.

W.:
Good evening, Tom. Good evening Mr. Smith.

S.:
Good evening, Tom. Good evening Mr. Wilson. Mr. Edison

is
experimenting with a microscope. All his interest is there.

Would
you mind walking around for a while looking at Mr.

Edison’s
inventions.

W.:
With pleasure.

S.:
In a few minutes dinner will be brought. We usually eat our

dinner
here. Don’t you mind?

W.:
Certainly not.

S.:
The dinner is ready. Let Mr. Edison know you are here.

W.:
Shall we eat; Tom? But he doesn’t answer.

S.:
He is busy working with his microscope.

W.:
But I am quite hungry. Tom, the food looks good, and it is

getting
cold.

S.:
You see, Mr.Edison never stops working for a second till he

is
satisfied with what he is doing.

W.:
Then let’s sit down and eat.

Two
hours later Mr.Wilson and Smith finished eating and left the
laboratory.

Ed.
(entering the laboratory):

Oh,
I am hungry. If those dishes were not empty, I’d say I’ve

had
no dinner tonight.

Exercise
4. Speak
about:

1.
Electricity — its nature, history and development.

2.
Applications of electricity cover all fields of human activity.

Use
exercises 1, 2, as well as the following words and word combinations
for

your
topic:

it
is difQcult to imagine; applications such as; completely; to replace;
to come

into
wide use; to double every ten years; to be an indicator; the latest
technological

advances.

Exercise
5. Read
and smile.

A
young doctor, the son of a well-known professor of medicine,

proudly
(c гордостью)
told his father one day: «Imagine, dad! I’ve

cured
(вылечить)
that lady that has been your patient for ten years».

«She
deserved (заслужить)
it. It was she who had paid for your

studies»,
his father replied.

53

«Where
did the car hit him?», asked the coroner (следователь).

«At
the junction (стык,
перекресток)
of the dorsal and cervial vertebrae

(спинных
и
шейных
позвонков)»,
answered the doctor. A

big
man rose from his seat. «Listen, I’ve lived in these parts for fifty

years»,
he protested, «and I’ve never heard of this place».

Text
3B

Прочитайте
текст. Ответьте на вопрос, почему Эдисон
сказал: «Don’t

watch
the clock».

A
Great Citizen of the World

Every
day many people visited Thomas A.Edison’s laboratories

in
Orange, New Jersey. Some of them were young inventors who

went
to study, but many more of them were tourists. They came

from
all parts of the US and from other countries as well.

One
day a very important citizen from England visited Edison’s

factories,
taking with him his young son,eight years old. They spent

many
hours in great workshops, looking at hundreds of useful inventions.

Before
leaving the laboratories the man went to the office of the

main
building. Giving his card to the person in charge, he asked:

«May
I speak to Mr.Edison, please?». The man looked at the card

and
then answered: «Wait a minute, I’ll see». Soon he returned and

said:
«Come this way, please. Mr.Edison will see you».

The
father and his son went into the great inventor’s workroom.

«Mr.Edison»,
said the Englishman, «I brought my young son here

to
see what the world’s greatest citizen has done. I want this day to

help
him all his life. Will you please shake hands with him and say

something
that he will remember?»

Mr.
Edison took the boy’s hand. He laid his other hand on the

child’s
shoulder and looked into his eyes. «My boy», he said, «don’t

watch
the clock».

In
1928 Mr. Edison was eighty-one years old, but he still

worked
sixteen hours a day.

Text
3C

Прочитайте
текст. Расскажите по-английски о
преимуществах солнечной

энергии
в качестве источника электричества.

Solar
Light by Night

Most
people living in towns consider it a usual thing that streets

are
lit at night. But street lights need a power supply (источник

54

энергии)
therefore distant areas with no source of electricity remain

in
darkness until the sun comes up again.

With
new appliances now offered by several British firms, many

distant
places could be lit with solar-powered street lights. It may

seem
strange that the lamps can use the power of the sun which

shines
by day when the lamps are needed at night, but they work by

using
energy accumulated during the day from a solar panel. The

solar
panel produces electricity which charges (заряжать)
a battery.

When
the sun goes down, the battery power is then used for

lighting.
Each lamp has its own panel so the system can be used for

one
individual light or a number of them.

In
the south of Saudi Arabia a motorway tunnel miles from any

power
supply is lit day and night by solar-powered devices. The
solar

panels
provide power during the day and charge batteries which

accumulate
enough power to light the tunnel at night. The generation

of
electricity by batteries is still expensive but the advantage of

sun-powered
lamps is that they can bring light to areas distant from

any
other power supply.

There
is one more advantage of solar power: not only it is unlimited,

but
also its use does not pollute the environment. That is

why
it is very important to develop devices which make it possible

to
transform solar power into mechanical or electric forms of power.

Text
3D

Прочитайте
текст. Найдите информацию о наиболее
перспективных

источниках
энергии и об основных отличиях
нетрадиционных источников

энергии
от традиционных. Изложите основное
содержание текста

по—английски.

Non-traditional
Renewable Sources of Energy

It
is known that much is being done in the world today for the

development
of non-traditional sources of energy. Without them

the
Earth cannot support its present population of 5 billion people

and
probably 8 billion people in the 21st century.

Now
we are using traditional power sources, that is, oil, natural

gas,
coal and water power with the consumption of more than 50

billion
barrels per year. It is evident that these sources are not unlimited.

That
is why it is so important to use such renewable sources of

energy
as the sun, wind, geothermal energy and others. Research is

being
carried out in these fields.

55

One
of the most promising (перспективный)
research is the

development
of power stations with direct transformation of solar

energy
into electricity on the basis of photo-effect. It was Russia

that
was the first in the world to develop and test a photoelectric

battery
of 32,000 volts and effective area of only 0.5 sq.m., which

made
it possible to concentrate solar radiation. This idea is now being

intensively
developed in many countries.

However,
the efficiency of a solar power station is considerably

reduced
because of the limited time of its work during the year. But

it
is possible to improve the efficiency of solar power stations by
developing

different
combinations of solar power stations and traditional

ones
— thermal, atomic and hydraulic. Today some

engineers
are working at the problem of developing electric power

stations
with the use of a thermal-chemical cycle. It will operate on

products
of the transformation of solar energy, whereas the «solar»

chemical
reactor uses CO2 and water steam of the thermal power

station.
The result is that we have a closed cycle.

In
Kamchatka there are geothermal power stations operating

on
hot water-steam mixture from the depths of about a kilometre.

In
some projects water will be heated by the warmth of mountains

at
a depth of four-five km.

It
is planned that plants working on the energy of the solar heat

provided
by the sun will be built on a larger scale.

That
different wind energy plants are being developed is also

well-known.
These energy plants can be small (of several kilowatts)

and
large powerful systems.

It
is important that all these advances in developing new

sources
of energy and improving the old ones help to solve the energy

problem
as a whole and they do not have negative effects on

the
environment.

ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНЫЕ
ЗАДАНИЯ

Упражнение
1. A. Прочитайте
следующие словосочетания из текста ЗА
и

постарайтесь
догадаться о значении выделенных слов
и словосочетаний.

1.
such as lighting

2.
applications are longstanding

3.
in the 19th century workshops

4.
a
range of
appliances

5.
devices are based
on

56

6.
in
the case of

7.
all
fields
of

Переведите текст “ELECTRICITY”

It is impossible to imagine our civilization without electricity: economic and social progress will be turned to the past and our daily lives completely transformed. Electrical power has become universal. Thousands of applications of electricity such as lighting, electrochemistry and electrometallurgy are longstanding and unquestionable. With the appearance of the electrical motor, power cables replaced transmission shafts, gear wheels, belts and pulleys1 in the 19-th century workshops. And in the home a whole range of various time and labour saving appliances2 have become a part of our everyday lives. Other devices are based on specific properties of electricity: electrostatics in the case of photocopying machine and electromagnetism in the case of radar and television. These applications have made electricity most widely used. The first industrial application was in the silver workshops in Paris. The generator – a new compact source of electricity – was also developed there. The generator replaced the batteries and other devices that had been used before. Electric lighting came into wide use at the end of the last century with the development of the electric lamp by Thomas Edison. Then the transformer was invented, the first electric lines and networks were set up, dynamos and induction motors3 were designed. Since the beginning of the 20-th century the successful development of electricity has begun throughout the industrial world. The consumption of electricity has doubled every ten years. Today consumption of electricity per capita4 is an indicator of the state of development and economic health of a nation. Electricity has replaced other sources of energy as it has been realized that it offers improved service and reduced cost. One of the greatest advantages of electricity is that it is clean, easily regulated and generates no by-products . Applications of electricity now cover all fields of human activity from house washing machines to the latest laser devices. Electricity is the efficient source of some of the most recent technological advances such as the laser and electron beams. Truly electricity provides mankind with the energy of the future.

Notes to the Text

1. transmission shafts, gear wheels, belts and pulleys – трансмиссионные валы, зубчатые колеса, ремни и блоки.

2. time and labour saving appliances – электроприборы, экономящие время и труд.

3. induction motors – индукционные моторы.

4. per capita – на человека; на душу населения.

5. by-products – побочные продукты.

6. truly – поистине

Vocabulary

advantage – преимущество

appearance – появление

application – применение, заявление

completely – полностью, целиком

consumption – потребление, расход

to cover – охватить, охватывать

to design – конструировать, проектировать

device – прибор, устройство

to double – удваивать

efficient – эффективный

to generate – вырабатывать, производить

to imagine – представлять себе, воображать

to invent – изобретать

property – свойство

recent – недавний, последний

to reduce – уменьшать, снижать

to replace – заменять

set up (set) – воздвигать, сооружать

source – источник

state – положение, состояние

such as – такой как

to transform – преобразовывать

to turn – поворачиваться, обратиться; превратить

Упражнение1

Найдите:а)синонимы: application, appliance, latest, power, use, enable, reach, device, longstanding, make it possible, achieve, energy, transform, old, turn to, most recent;

б)антонимы: future, unlimited, with, past, necessary, limited, old, unnecessary, without, present.

Упражнение 2

Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What is electricity? 2. What are the sources of electricity? 3. What properties of electricity have made it widely used? 4. What are the advantages of electricity? 5. What are home uses of electricity? (lighting, heating, 6. What are the latest industrial applications of electricity?