Hit sharply синоним

1) пoпacть в цeль, cдeлaть cвoё дeлo

Mendosa. If the nails fail, puncture their tires with a bullet… the nails have gone home. Their tire is down: they stop (G. B. Shaw). He lounged forward, but his blow did not get home (E. Wallace)

2) пoпacть в цeль, в тoчку, нe в бpoвь, a в глaз; зaдeть зa живoe, бoльнo зaдeть кoгo-л.

Broadbent (hugely self-satisfied). I think I’ve done the trick this time. I just gave them a bit of straight talk; and it went home (G. B. Shaw)

For the first time it came home sharply to Aileen how much his affairs meant to him (Th. Dreiser). All the while Hurstwood was endeavouring to formulate his plea in such a way that it could strike home and bring her into sympathy with him (Th. Dreiser). Mercer’s words, so unusual for a Christmas evening broadcast, were as sobering as an ice-cold shower. As his words struck home, Anna Nelson’s house became shrouded in churchlike stillness (D. Carter)

kræk

1.

1) rajarse, resquebrajarse

2) abrir, romper, cascar

3) crujir, chasquear

4) contar chistes

5) forzar

6) resolver, descifrar

7) rendirse, rajarse, sucumbir, caer

2.

1) grieta, hendidura, raja

2) rendija

3) chasquido

4) golpe

5) chiste, chanza

6) crack,cocaína dura

3.

as, de primera categoría, experto

— crackdown
— cracker
— crackers
— crack a book
— crack down on
— crack down
— get cracking
— have a crack at
— have a crack

grieta / raja / defecto

estallido / chasquido

golpe

crack sustantivo masculino (pl

crac o crack sustantivo masculino

1 Fin crash

2 (droga) crack

‘ crack‘ also found in these entries:
Spanish:
abertura — agrietar — agrietarse — boquera — cascar — cascarse — chascar — chasquear — chasquido — chorro — crac — despepitarse — grieta — hendidura — mondarse — raja — rajar — rajarse — rendija — resquebrajarse — roer — rotura — trallazo — traquetear — alba — cortar — crujir — introducir — latigazo — partir — paso — quebradura — quebrar — rayar — resquebrajar — resquicio — romper — trizarse
English:
crack — crack down — crack up — hairline — nut — crash — fill — poke — split — stop

tr[kræk]

1 (break — cup, glass, etc) rajar; (- bone) fracturar, romper

3 (hit) pegar, golpear

4 (whip) hacer restallar, hacer chasquear; (knuckles) hacer crujir

1 (break — cup, glass) rajarse, resquebrarse; (- rock, plaster, paint, skin) agrietarse; (- lips) partirse, agrietarse

3 (voice) cascarse, quebrarse

4 (relationship, system) venirse abajo; (person) sufrir una crisis nerviosa; (witness, suspect, spy) no poder contenerse más, perder el control

1 (in cup, glass) raja; (in ice, wall, ground, pavement, etc) grieta

2 (slit, narrow opening) rendija

5 (wisecrack) réplica aguda, comentario socarrón

1 (troops, regiment, shot) de primera

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

chasquear, restallar

rajarse, resquebrajarse, agrietarse

quebrarse (dícese de la voz)

restallar, chasquear (un látigo, etc.)

rajar, agrietar, resquebrajar

romper (un huevo), cascar (nueces), forzar (una caja fuerte)

resolver, descifrar (un código)

buenísimo, de primera

adj.

n.

v.

kræk

I

noun

a) (in ice, wall, pavement) grieta f; (in glass, china) rajadura f

to paper o paste over the cracks — ponerle* parches al problema (or a la situación etc)

b) (chink, slit) rendija f

6) (colloq) ( wisecrack) comentario m socarrón

II

III
1.

transitive verb

1) <<cup/glass>> rajar; <<ground/earth>> agrietar, resquebrajar; <<skin>> agrietar

2)

a) ( break open) <<egg>> cascar*, romper*; <<nut>> cascar*, partir; <<safe>> forzar*; <<drugs ring/spy ring>> desmantelar, desarticular

b) (decipher, solve) <<code>> descifrar, dar* con; <<problem>> resolver*

3) ( make cracking sound with) <<whip>> (hacer*) chasquear or restallar; <<finger/knuckle>> hacer* crujir; whip I

5) <<joke>> (colloq) contar*

2.

vi

1)

a) <<cup/glass>> rajarse; <<rock/paint/skin>> agrietarse

b) ( make cracking sound) <<whip>> chasquear, restallar; <<bones/twigs>> crujir

c) <<voice>> quebrarse*

2) (be active, busy)

come on, get cracking! — vamos, muévete! (fam)

•

Phrasal Verbs:

[kræk]

— paper over the cracks

— get a fair crack of the whip

— give sb a fair crack of the whip

to have or take a crack at sth — intentar algo

2.

nut 1., 2)

3) golpear

4) chasquear, restallar; hacer crujir

— crack the whip

6) resolver; descifrar

7)

1) rajarse; agrietarse, resquebrajarse; resquebrajarse; agrietarse

3) desmoronarse

to crack under the strain — desmoronarse bajo la presión, sufrir una crisis nerviosa a cause de la presión; desmoronarse; desmoronarse or quebrantarse bajo la presión

4) retumbar; chasquear; crujir

5)

5.

CPD

* * *

[kræk]

I

noun

a) (in ice, wall, pavement) grieta f; (in glass, china) rajadura f

to paper o paste over the cracks — ponerle* parches al problema (or a la situación etc)

b) (chink, slit) rendija f

6) (colloq) ( wisecrack) comentario m socarrón

II

III
1.

transitive verb

1) <<cup/glass>> rajar; <<ground/earth>> agrietar, resquebrajar; <<skin>> agrietar

2)

a) ( break open) <<egg>> cascar*, romper*; <<nut>> cascar*, partir; <<safe>> forzar*; <<drugs ring/spy ring>> desmantelar, desarticular

b) (decipher, solve) <<code>> descifrar, dar* con; <<problem>> resolver*

3) ( make cracking sound with) <<whip>> (hacer*) chasquear or restallar; <<finger/knuckle>> hacer* crujir; whip I

5) <<joke>> (colloq) contar*

2.

vi

1)

a) <<cup/glass>> rajarse; <<rock/paint/skin>> agrietarse

b) ( make cracking sound) <<whip>> chasquear, restallar; <<bones/twigs>> crujir

c) <<voice>> quebrarse*

2) (be active, busy)

come on, get cracking! — vamos, muévete! (fam)

•

Phrasal Verbs:

1.

noun

1) Krachen, das

give somebody/have a fair crack of the whip — jemandem eine Chance geben/eine Chance haben

2) Sprung, der; Spalte, die; Spalt, der

3) Schlag, der

4) : Versuch, der

have a crack at something/at doing something — etwas in Angriff nehmen/versuchen, etwas zu tun

5)

the/at the crack of dawn — der/bei Tagesanbruch

6) : [geistreicher] Witz

crack [cocaine] — Crack, das

2.

adjective

erstklassig

3.

transitive verb

1) knacken [Nuss, Problem]; knacken [Safe, Kode]

2) anschlagen [Porzellan, Glas]

3)

4)

4.

intransitive verb

1) [Porzellan, Glas:] einen Sprung/Sprünge bekommen; [Haut:] aufspringen, rissig werden; [Eis:] Risse bekommen

2) [Peitsche:] knallen; [Gelenk:] knacken; [Gewehr:] krachen

3)

get cracking [with something] — [mit etwas] loslegen

Phrasal Verbs:

— academic.ru/16937/crack_down»>crack down

* * *

[kræk]
1.

1) krachen

2) zerbrechen

3) knacken

4) (Witze) reißen

5) knacken

6) knacken

7) zusammenbrechen

2.

1) der Sprung

2) der Spalt

3) der Knall

4) der Schlag

5) der Witz

6)

3.

großartig

— cracked

— crackdown
— cracker
— crackers
— crack a book
— crack down on
— crack down
— get cracking
— have a crack at
— have a crack

* * *

[kræk]

I. n

there was a crack in the teacup die Teetasse hatte einen Sprung; ( fig)

cracks began to show in his facade of self-confidence in seinem aufgesetzten Selbstbewusstsein wurden Sprünge sichtbar

hairline crack Haarriss m

2. (narrow space) Ritze f, Spalt m

to open a door/window [just] a crack eine Tür/ein Fenster [nur] einen Spalt öffnen

a loud crack of thunder ein lautes Donnerkrachen

to give sb a crack over the head jdm eins überziehen [o über den Schädel geben

crack house ( fam) Crackhaus nt, Bezugsstelle f für Crack

a cheap crack ein schlechter Witz

to make a crack about sth einen Witz über etw akk reißen

it was her first crack at [beating] the world record es war ihr erster Versuch, den Weltrekord einzustellen

to have a crack at sth [or to give sth a crack] etw [aus]probieren

8.

▶ at the crack of dawn im Morgengrauen

▶ the crack of doom der Jüngste Tag

▶ to get/have a fair crack of the whip BRIT eine [echte] Chance bekommen/haben

II. adj attr, inv erstklassig, Super- fam

crack marksman Meisterschütze m

crack shot Meisterschütze, -schützin m, f

crack regiment Eliteregiment nt

III. vt

to crack a cup/glass/window einen Sprung in eine Tasse/ein Glas/eine Fensterscheibe machen

▪ to crack sth [open] [or to crack [open] sth] etw aufbrechen

come round and we’ll crack [open] a bottle together komm doch vorbei, dann machen wir eine Flasche auf

to crack an egg ein Ei aufschlagen

to crack nuts Nüsse knacken

to crack [open] a safe ( fam) einen Safe knacken fam

I’ve cracked it! ich hab’s!

to crack a code/problem einen Code/ein Problem knacken fam

to crack sb on [or over] the head jdm eins auf/über den Schädel geben

to crack one’s head/elbow on sth sich dat den Kopf/Ellbogen an etw dat anschlagen

to crack one’s knuckles mit den Fingern knacken

to crack a whip mit einer Peitsche knallen

7.

▶ to crack a joke einen Witz reißen fam

▶ to crack the whip ein strengeres Regiment aufziehen

IV. vi

1. (break) [zer]brechen, zerspringen; lips, paintwork aufspringen, rissig werden

his voice cracked with emotion seine Stimme versagte vor Rührung

to crack during interrogation beim Verhör zusammenbrechen

to crack under pressure of work unter der Arbeitslast zusammenbrechen

5.

▶ to get cracking ( fam) loslegen fam

I’d better get cracking on writing these letters ich sollte mich endlich mal dranmachen, diese Briefe zu schreiben

get cracking or we’ll miss the train jetzt aber los, sonst verpassen wir den Zug

* * *

[krk]

1) Riss ; Ritze ; Spalte ; Sprung

to make a crack about sb/sth — einen Witz über jdn/etw reißen

to have a crack at sth — etw mal probieren

erstklassig; Elite-

1) einen Sprung machen in ; anbrechen, anknacksen ; rissig machen; einen Riss/Risse machen in

2) knacken; knacken; lösen

4) knallen mit; knacken mit

1) einen Sprung/Sprünge bekommen, springen; einen Riss/Risse bekommen; spröde or rissig werden; einen Knacks bekommen ; brechen

2) knacken, krachen; knallen

3) schlagen, krachen

his voice is cracking/beginning to crack — er ist im/kommt in den Stimmbruch

6)

See:

= crack up

* * *

A s

1. Krach m, Knall m (einer Peitsche, eines Gewehrs etc), (Donner) Schlag m, Knacks m, Knacken n:

2. umg (heftiger) Schlag:

3. Sprung m, Riss m:

4. Spalte f, Spalt m, Schlitz m, Ritz m, Ritze f:

5. umg

a) Knacks m (geistiger Defekt)

6. Stimmbruch m

7. umg Versuch m:

8. sl

a) Witz m

b) Seitenhieb m, Stichelei f:

9. Br umg Crack m, Kanone f, As n (besonders Sportler)

10. sl obs

a) Einbruch m

b) Einbrecher m

11. sl Crack n (synthetische Droge auf Kokainbasis):

crack house Bar etc, in der mit Crack gehandelt wird

B adj umg erstklassig, Elite…, Meister…:

C int krach!, knacks!

D v/i

1. krachen, knallen, knacken

2. (zer)springen, (-)platzen, (-)bersten, (-)brechen, rissig werden, (auf)reißen, einen Sprung oder Sprünge bekommen

4. fig zusammenbrechen ( under unter dat)

5. sl kaputtgehen, in die Brüche gehen

6. sl nachlassen, erlahmen

8. besonders schott plaudern

9. CHEM sich (durch Hitze) zersetzen

E v/t

1. knallen mit, knacken oder krachen lassen:

crack one’s fingers mit den Fingern knacken;

a) mit der Peitsche knallen,

b) fig zeigen, wer der Herr ist;

2. zerbrechen, (zer)spalten, (zer)sprengen:

3. a) einen Sprung machen in (dat)

b) MED sich etwas anbrechen:

4. umg

a) schlagen, hauen:

b) eine Scheibe etc ein-, zerschlagen

6. umg einen Safe, einen Code, SPORT die Abwehr knacken:

crack a gang eine Verbrecherbande auffliegen lassen;

7. umg kaputt machen, ruinieren (beide auch fig)

8. umg jemandes Stolz etc erschüttern, anknacksen umg

9. TECH Erdöl kracken

* * *

1.

noun

give somebody/have a fair crack of the whip — jemandem eine Chance geben/eine Chance haben

2) Sprung, der; Spalte, die; Spalt, der

4) : Versuch, der

have a crack at something/at doing something — etwas in Angriff nehmen/versuchen, etwas zu tun

5)

the/at the crack of dawn — der/bei Tagesanbruch

7) :

crack [cocaine] — Crack, das

2.

adjective

erstklassig

3.

transitive verb

1) knacken [Nuss, Problem]; knacken [Safe, Kode]

3)

4)

4.

intransitive verb

1) [Porzellan, Glas:] einen Sprung/Sprünge bekommen; [Haut:] aufspringen, rissig werden; [Eis:] Risse bekommen

2) [Peitsche:] knallen; [Gelenk:] knacken; [Gewehr:] krachen

3)

get cracking [with something] — [mit etwas] loslegen

Phrasal Verbs:

* * *

n.

Knall —e m.

Riss —e m.

Spalt —e m.

Sprung —¨e m. v.

brechen v.

(§ p.,pp.: brach, gebrochen)

knacken v.

knallen v.

platzen v.

zerbrechen v.

zersplittern v.

1.

1) duro; sólido

2) difícil

3) severo; rudo; seco

4) duro, severo, riguroso

5) duro, difícil

6) dura

2.

1) duro, con ahínco

2) fuerte, fuertemente

3) fijamente

4) completamente, totalmente

•

— hardness
— hardship
— hard-and-fast
— hard-back
— hard-boiled
— harddisk
— hard-earned
— hard-headed
— hard-hearted
— hardware
— hard-wearing
— be hard on
— hard at it
— hard done by
— hard lines/luck
— hard of hearing
— a hard time of it
— a hard time
— hard up

duro

difícil

mucho

duro / fuerte

tr[hɑːd]

4 (work) arduo,-a, penoso,-a, agotador,-ra

6 (fight, match) reñido,-a, disputado,-a; (decision) injusto,-a

9 SMALLLINGUISTICS/SMALL fuerte

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

fuerte, con fuerza

duro, mucho

duro, firme, sólido

difícil, arduo

severo, duro

insensible, duro

diligente

adj.

adv.

I hɑːrd, hɑːd

1)

a) (firm, solid) <object/surface> duro

b) ( forceful) <push/knock> fuerte

2)

a) ( difficult) <question/subject> difícil; < task> arduo

b) ( severe) <winter/climate/master> duro, severo

c) (tough, cynical) <person/attitude> duro, insensible

3) (concentrated, strenuous)

5) (sharp, harsh) <light/voice> fuerte; < expression> duro

6)

d) ( Ling) <sound/consonant> fuerte

II

1)

a) ( with force) <pull/push> con fuerza; < hit> fuerte

to be hard put o (BrE also) pushed to + inf: you’d be hard put (to it) to find a better doctor — sería difícil encontrar un médico mejor

2) ( heavily) <rain/snow> fuerte, mucho; <pant/breathe> pesadamente

to be/feel hard done by: she thinks she has been o she feels hard done by — piensa que la han tratado injustamente

[hɑːd]

(

compar

harder)
(

superl

hardest)

1) duro; duro, compacto

— be as hard as nails

— as hard as a rock

nut

2) duro, severo; fuerte; duro, áspero; serio, duro; fuerte; duro; concreto; irrefutable

don’t be so hard on him, it’s not his fault — no seas tan duro con él, no es culpa suya

— be as hard as nails

feeling

3) duro; muy reñido

phew, that was hard work! — ¡uf!, ¡ha costado lo suyo!

4) difícil

to be hard to do: it’s hard to study on your own — es difícil estudiar por tu cuenta

I find it hard to believe that… — me cuesta (trabajo) creer que…

bargain, play 3., 4)

5) duro

— take a hard line against/over sth

hard lines! — ¡qué mala suerte!, ¡qué mala pata! *

going, hard-line, hard-liner

6) fuerte

7) (Phon, Ling) fuerte; oclusivo

(

compar

harder)
(

superl

hardest)

1) duro, mucho; mucho

I can’t do it, no matter how hard I try — no puedo hacerlo, por mucho que lo intente

to be hard at it —

2) fuerte, duro; con fuerza; fuerte, mucho

we’ll be hard pushed or put to finish this tonight! — ¡nos va a ser difícil terminar esto esta noche!

he took it pretty hard — se lo tomó muy mal, fue un duro golpe para él, le golpeó mucho (LAm)

hard-pressed

3)

4) atentamente; al máximo

5)

6)

heel

3.

CPD

hard cash N — dinero contante y sonante, (dinero en) efectivo

hard centre, hard center N — relleno duro

hard copy N — (Comput) copia impresa

the hard core N — los incondicionales, el núcleo duro

hard-core

hard court N — (Tennis) cancha (de tenis) de cemento, pista (de tenis) de cemento

hard hat N — gorra de montar; casco ; albañil

hard labour, hard labor N — trabajos forzados

the hard left N — la extrema izquierda, la izquierda radical

the hard right N — la extrema derecha, la derecha radical

hard stuff * N — alcohol duro, bebidas fuertes; droga dura

hard top N — coche no descapotable; techo rígido

* * *

I [hɑːrd, hɑːd]

1)

a) (firm, solid) <object/surface> duro

b) ( forceful) <push/knock> fuerte

2)

a) ( difficult) <question/subject> difícil; < task> arduo

b) ( severe) <winter/climate/master> duro, severo

c) (tough, cynical) <person/attitude> duro, insensible

3) (concentrated, strenuous)

5) (sharp, harsh) <light/voice> fuerte; < expression> duro

6)

d) ( Ling) <sound/consonant> fuerte

II

1)

a) ( with force) <pull/push> con fuerza; < hit> fuerte

to be hard put o (BrE also) pushed to + inf: you’d be hard put (to it) to find a better doctor — sería difícil encontrar un médico mejor

2) ( heavily) <rain/snow> fuerte, mucho; <pant/breathe> pesadamente

to be/feel hard done by: she thinks she has been o she feels hard done by — piensa que la han tratado injustamente

I
1. klip

1) cortar

2) dar un cachete

2.

1) tijeretada

2) cachete

3) fragmento

•

— clipping
II
1. klip

sujetar mediante un clip

2.

clip; pasador

sujetar con un clip

cortar

clip sustantivo masculino (pl

1

aretes or pendientes de clip clip-on earrings
2 (Video) (pop) video

clip sustantivo masculino

1 (para sujetar papeles) paperclip

2 (cierre de pendiente) clip

pendientes de clip, clip-on earrings
‘ clip‘ also found in these entries:
Spanish:
cojinete — pendiente — pinza — sujetapapeles — tijeretada — tijeretazo — tonsurar — ala — cargador — cartuchera — esquilar — grapa — pasador — sujetar — tobillera — trasquilar
English:
clip — clip board — fasten — hair-clip — paperclip — tie clip — clip-on — hair — paper

tr[klɪp]

1 sujetar

1 sujetarse mediante un clip

■ do your earrings clip on? ¿tus pendientes son de clip?

————————

tr[klɪp]

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

at a fair clip / at a good clip a buen paso

cortar, recortar

golpear, dar un puñetazo a

sujetar (con un clip)

n.

v.

klɪp

I

noun

1) ( device) clip m, gancho m; see also hairclip, paperclip

a clip — (AmE colloq) cada uno

II
1.

— pp- transitive verb

1)

a) ( cut) <<hair/nails/grass/hedge>> cortar; <<sheep>> trasquilar, esquilar; <<dog>> recortarle el pelo a

b) ( punch) <<ticket>> picar*, perforar

3) ( hit) golpear

2.

vi

I [klɪp]

2) (Cine) secuencia

1) cortar; acortar; podar; picar; trasquilar, esquilar; recortar; recortar; comerse, abreviar

— clip sb’s wings

2) golpear, dar un cachete a

3.

CPD

II [klɪp]

1.

2.

3.

N

clip art N — (Comput) clip art , objetos gráficos

* * *

[klɪp]

I

noun

1) ( device) clip m, gancho m; see also hairclip, paperclip

a clip — (AmE colloq) cada uno

II
1.

— pp- transitive verb

1)

a) ( cut) <<hair/nails/grass/hedge>> cortar; <<sheep>> trasquilar, esquilar; <<dog>> recortarle el pelo a

b) ( punch) <<ticket>> picar*, perforar

3) ( hit) golpear

2.

vi

1. n стук

2. n удар; толчок

3. n тех. детонация, стук

4. n амер. разг. резкая критика

5. n амер. разг. обыкн. придирки, нападки, замечания

6. n амер. разг. разг. подача мяча

7. n амер. разг. неприятность; беда; удар

8. n амер. разг. неудача; убыток

9. n амер. разг. сл. аукцион, продажа с молотка

10. v стучать; стучаться, постучаться

11. v разг. поднять, разбудить стуком

big-end knock — стук, вызванный износом вкладышей шатунного подшипника

12. v ударять; бить, колотить

13. v вбивать

14. v наталкиваться, встречать

15. v сбить

16. v соединить, сколотить

17. v тех. работать с перебоями, стучать

18. v разг. удивлять, поражать, ошеломлять

19. v разг. резко критиковать; придираться, нападать

20. v сл. арестовать, забрать

21. v амер. сл. добиться; обеспечить; овладеть

22. v амер. сл. хорошо подготовиться; владеть

23. n холм, бугор

24. n диал. песчаная отмель

Синонимический ряд:

2. hit (noun) criticism; flak; hit; lick; rap; swat; swipe; wipe

3. loud noise (noun) clang; loud noise; pounding; tap; tapping; thud; thump

4. criticise (verb) badmouth; bad-mouth; carp; complain; criticise; find fault with; judge; put down; slam

5. criticize (verb) blame; censure; condemn; criticize; cut up; denounce; denunciate; pan; reprehend; reprobate; skin

6. hit (verb) catch; clout; hit; pop; slog; smack; smash; smite; swat; wham

7. rap (verb) bang; beat; bob; pound; rap; strike; tap; thump; tunk; whack

I [klɪp]

nome

1) (in surgery, on clipboard) pinza f.; (for paper) graffetta f., clip f.; (on pen, earring) clip f.; (for hair) molletta f., fermaglio m.; (jewellery) fermaglio m., clip f.

II
1. [klɪp]

2.

III [klɪp]

nome

••

to give sb. a clip on the ear — colloq. dare uno scappellotto a qcn

IV [klɪp]

1) (cut) spuntare, potare [ hedge]; tagliare [nails, hair, moustache]; tosare [dog, sheep]; tarpare [ wing]

••

to clip sb.’s wings — tarpare le ali a qcn

* * *

I
1. [klip]

1)

2)

2.

1)

2)

3)

•

— clipping
II
1. [klip]

2.

* * *

I [klɪp]

II [klɪp]

attaccare (con una graffetta)

•

* * *

clip (1) /klɪp/

n.

1 clip; graffa; graffetta; grappa; fascetta; fermaglio; molletta: cable clip, fascetta fermacavo ( di bicicletta, ecc.); hair clip, molletta per capelli; forcina; paper clip, graffetta; clip

clip (2) /klɪp/

n.

(to) clip (1) /klɪp/

fermare con una graffa (o con un fermaglio, con una clip); attaccare ( insieme); graffare: Please, clip these sheets together, per favore, attacca insieme questi fogli

(to) clip (2) /klɪp/

2 tosare: to clip sheep [a hedge], tosare pecore [una siepe]

* * *

I [klɪp]

nome

1) (in surgery, on clipboard) pinza f.; (for paper) graffetta f., clip f.; (on pen, earring) clip f.; (for hair) molletta f., fermaglio m.; (jewellery) fermaglio m., clip f.

II
1. [klɪp]

2.

III [klɪp]

nome

••

to give sb. a clip on the ear — colloq. dare uno scappellotto a qcn

IV [klɪp]

1) (cut) spuntare, potare [ hedge]; tagliare [nails, hair, moustache]; tosare [dog, sheep]; tarpare [ wing]

••

to clip sb.’s wings — tarpare le ali a qcn

elegantemente

tr[‘smɑːtlɪ]

1 (elegantly) elegante, elegantemente, con elegancia

‘smɑːrtli, ‘smɑːtli

adverb

2)

a) (briskly, promptly) <walk/march> a paso rápido

[‘smɑːtlɪ]

ADV

1) con elegancia, elegantemente

2) inteligentemente

3) rápidamente

* * *

[‘smɑːrtli, ‘smɑːtli]

adverb

2)

a) (briskly, promptly) <walk/march> a paso rápido

I
1.

noun

1) Klammer, die; Büroklammer, die; Klipp, der

2) Klipp, der; Clip, der

2.

,

clip something [on] to something — etwas an etwas (Akk.) klammern

Phrasal Verbs:

— academic.ru/97336/clip_on»>clip on

II
1.

,

1) schneiden [Fingernägel, Haar, Hecke]; scheren [Wolle]; stutzen [Flügel]

2) scheren [Schaf]; trimmen [Hund]

3) lochen, entwerten [Fahrkarte]

2.

noun

1) Schneiden, das; Schur, die; Trimmen, das

2) [Film]ausschnitt, der

3) Schlag, der

clip round or on or over the ear — Ohrfeige, die

* * *

I
1. [klip]

2) schlagen

2.

1) die Schur

2) der Klaps

3)

•

— clipper

— clipping
II
1. [klip]

klammern

2.

die Klammer

* * *

clip¹

[klɪp]

I. n

bicycle clip [Fahrrad]klammer f

hair clip [Haar]spange f

paper clip Büroklammer f

II. vt

▪ to clip sth together papers, documents etw zusammenklammern [o zusammenheften]

clip²

[klɪp]

I. n

to give a hedge a clip eine Hecke schneiden

2. FILM, TV (extract) Ausschnitt m, Clip m

to get a clip round the ear eins hinter die Ohren bekommen fam

at a fast clip mit einem Affenzahn fam

II. vt

to clip a dog einen Hund trimmen

to clip a hedge eine Hecke stutzen

to clip one’s nails sich dat die Nägel schneiden

to clip sheep Schafe scheren

to clip a ticket ein Ticket entwerten

▪ to clip sth etw verkürzen; record etw unterbieten

4. (omit syllables)

to clip one’s words abgehackt sprechen, Silben verschlucken

▪ to clip sth to sth etw an etw akk anheften

▪ to clip sth etw streifen

to clip sb’s ear jdm eins hinter die Ohren geben

to clip the edge of the kerb die Bordsteinkante streifen

7.

▶ to clip sb’s wings ( fig) jdm die Flügel stutzen

* * *

I [klɪp]

II

1) scheren; trimmen; schneiden; stutzen

3) (Brit) lochen, knipsen, entwerten

4)

5) treffen; streifen

1)

at a fair clip — mit einem Mordszahn

* * *

clip¹ [klıp]

A v/t

1. eine Hecke etc (be)schneiden, stutzen:

clip sb’s wings fig jemandem die Flügel stutzen

2. fig jemandes Lohn etc kürzen, jemandes Macht etc beschneiden

clip sb’s hair

6. ein Schaf etc scheren

10. umg jemandem einen Schlag verpassen:

11. umg

12. Br eine Fahrkarte etc lochen

B v/i

1. schneiden

2. umg sausen, (dahin)jagen

C s

1. (Be)Schneiden n, Stutzen n

2. Haarschnitt m

3. Schur f

4. Wollertrag m (einer Schur)

5. Ausschnitt m

7. umg Schlag m:

8. umg (hohes) Tempo:

clip² [klıp]

A v/t

1. festhalten, mit festem Griff packen

3. obs oder dial umfassen, umarmen

B s

1. (Heft-, Büro- etc) Klammer f, Clip m, Klipp m

2. TECH

a) Klammer f, Lasche f

b) Kluppe f

c) Schelle f, Bügel m

3. ELEK Halterung f, Clip m

4. Clip m, Klipp m, Klips m (Schmuckstück zum Festklammern)

5. MIL

a) Patronenrahmen m

b) Ladestreifen m

* * *

I
1.

noun

2.

,

clip something [on] to something — etwas an etwas (Akk.) klammern

Phrasal Verbs:

II
1.

,

1) schneiden [Fingernägel, Haar, Hecke]; scheren [Wolle]; stutzen [Flügel]

2) scheren [Schaf]; trimmen [Hund]

3) lochen, entwerten [Fahrkarte]

2.

noun

1) Schneiden, das; Schur, die; Trimmen, das

clip round or on or over the ear — Ohrfeige, die

* * *

n.

Ausschnitt m.

Haarschnitt m.

Hieb —e m.

Klemme —n f.

Schelle —n f.

Schur —en f. (for) v.

jemanden erleichtern (um) ausdr.

neppen v. (on) v.

anklammern v. v.

beschneiden v.

jemanden einen Schlag verpassen ausdr.

kappen v.

kürzen v.

lochen (Fahrschein) v.

scheren v.

schneiden v.

(§ p.,pp.: schnitt, geschnitten)

stutzen v.

umklammern v.

verschlucken (Silben) v.

̈ɪstraɪk I
1. гл.
1) ударять(ся), наносить удар, бить (физически: рукой, оружием, инструментом и т.п.) He struck me on the chin. ≈ Он ударил меня в подбородок. He struck the wall with a heavy blow. ≈ Он сильно ударил по стене. to strike him a blow ≈ нанести ему удар He struck his knee with his hand. ≈ Он ударил рукой по колену. He seized a stick and struck at me. ≈ Он схватил палку и ударил по мне. (см. strike at) He struck his hand on the table. ≈ Он трахнул рукой по столу. He struck his hand against/at the wall. ≈ Он ударил(ся) рукой о стену. I struck sharply upon the glass. ≈ Я резко ударил по стеклу. to struck a gun from someone’s hand ≈ выбить пистолет из чьей-л. руки The ship struck a rock. ≈ Судно наскочило на скалу/ударилось о скалу. Two ships struck in the channel. ≈ Два корабля столкнулись в канале. Syn: hit, deliver a blow/stroke to
2) пробивать, проникать сквозь что-л. а) уст. заколоть, зарубить, проткнуть( букв. и перен.) Every proof of the treachery struck like a knife into his heart. ≈ Каждое доказательство измены как нож вонзалось в его сердце. б) проникать сквозь, прорастать Trees struck roots deep into the soil. ≈ Деревни пускают корни глубоко в почву. The light strikes through the darkness. ≈ Свет пробивается сквозь темноту. в) перен. ловить на крючок, удить. the fish are striking well today ≈ рыба сегодня хорошо ловится/клюет
3) атаковать( о людях, зверях, болезнях, стихиях и т. п.;
см. также strike out) The beasts struck with their claws. ≈ Звери использовали при нападении клыки. The house had been struck with/by lightning. ≈ В дом ударила молния. Hurricane killed 275 people as it struck the island. ≈ Ураган унес 275 жизней, обрушившись на остров. The army struck at dawn. ≈ Армия атаковала на рассвете. He divided his forces, struck where there was no use in striking. ≈ Он разделил свои силы, атаковал там, где в этом не было нужды. The Duke had been stricken by paralysis. ≈ Герцога разбил паралич. to strike back ≈ нанести ответный удар, дать сдачи( at smb.) to strike the first blow ≈ быть зачинщиком to strike a blow for ≈ заступиться за within striking distance ≈ в пределах достижимости
4) поражать, производить впечатление He struck me by his knowledge. ≈ Он поразил меня своими знаниями. He always strikes students that way. ≈ Он всегда так действует на студентов. He doesn’t strike me as (being) genius. ≈ Он не производит впечатления гения. The story stuck me as ridiculous. ≈ Рассказ поразил меня своей нелепостью. How does it strike you? ≈ Что вы об этом думаете? An idea suddenly struck me. ≈ Меня внезапно осенила мысль. It never struck me before. ≈ Мне это никогда еще не приходило в голову. {to }strike the eye ≈ бросаться в глаза {to }strike dumb ≈ ошарашить( кого-л.) Syn: affect, impress, touch
5) доводить (доходить) до некоторого состояния( связанного с физическим ущербом) to strike smb dead ≈ убить A great cold had struck him deaf. ≈ Сильнейшая простуда сделала его глухим. He looked stricken into stone. ≈ Он словно обратился в камень. разг.Strike me dumb! ≈ Убей меня бог! разг.And strike me Blind, but I’ve met him before! ≈ Чтоб я ослеп, если я его раньше не встречал! разг. Strike! Who the hell was responsible? ≈ Черт побери! Кто это сделал?
6) (связано с 5 и отчасти с
6) вселять (страх и т.п.) His appearance will strike terror into his enemies. ≈ Его появление вселяло ужас во врагов. His appearance struck her with terror. ≈ Его появление наполнило ее страхом.
7) производить действия, связанные с ударами, касаниями и т.п. а) высекать, зажигать(ся) (об огне — с помощью кремня или спички) to strike a match ≈ чиркнуть спичкой, зажечь спичку These matches are too wet to strike. ≈ Эти спички слишком сырые, чтобы зажечься. to strike a light ≈ зажечь свет( с помощью спички и т.п.) б) чеканить( монету), штамповать, печатать This medal appears to have been chased by hand and not to have been struck from a die. ≈ Эта медаль выглядит как гравированная вручную, а не штампованная. How long will it take to strike a film? ≈ Сколько времени уйдет на то, чтобы отпечатать фильм? в) извлекать звук, звучать, стучать( о сердце, пульсе), бить (о часах) to strike a chord on the piano ≈ брать аккорды на пианино His heart struck heavily when the house was visible. ≈ При виде дома сердце его забилось. It has just struck four. ≈ Только что пробило четыре. перен. Your hour has struck. ≈ Твой час пробил. перен. to strike a sour note ≈ прозвучать печальной нотой перен. to strike an incongruous note ≈ портить впечатление перен. She had now struck sixty. ≈ Ей бы сейчас стукнуло
60. Syn: (cause to) sound г) нажимать( клавиши) With one hand we strike three or four notes simultaneously. ≈ Одной рукой мы способны взять три или четыре ноты одновременно.
направляться, сворачивать (как правило с указанием направления: across, aside, down, forth, forward, into, over, off, to и т.п.) Instead of going by town, we had struck away northward. ≈ Вместо того, чтобы идти мимо города, мы свернули на север. Leaving the town, we now strike off towards the river. ≈ Оставив город, мы движемся к реке. The road strikes into the forest. ≈ Дорога сворачивает в лес. Road strikes away to the left. ≈ Дорога уходит влево. strike to the left ≈ поверните налево to strike a line, to strike a path ≈ двигаться в направлении( букв. и перен.)
9) а) спускать, убирать( о чем-то натянутом или поднятом: парусах, палатке и т.п.) to strike the flag, to strike one’s colours ≈ опускать флаг( как знак уважения или при сдаче) б) перен. сдаваться( от to strike the flag) Captain reported that the fort had struck. ≈ Капитан доложил, что форт сдался. He would have clearly liked to stick out;
but there was something about the lot of us that meant mischief, and at last he struck (Stevenson). ≈ Он очевидно хотел бы отказаться, но было нечто столь угрожающее в большинстве из нас, что он в конце концов уступил.
10) проводить линию, чертить Strike a line from A to B. ≈ Проведи линию из A в B.
11) вычеркивать, исключать (см. также strike off, strike out) Over strong objections from the prosecutor, the judge ordered the question stricken. ≈ В связи с решительным протестом прокурора судья приказал исключить вопрос. Do you believe that the crash was an accident? Strike that. ≈ И ты веришь, что катастрофа была случайной? Это исключено!
12) сглаживать выравнивать (поверхность зерна, песка и т.п.)
13) приходить к соглашению, договариваться {to }strike a bargain ≈ договориться (о цене) {to }strike a happy medium ≈ находить компромисс
14) открыть, обнаружить, достичь желаемого (внезапно — сравни с
4) strike oil strike it rich ∙ strike aside strike at strike down strike from strike home strike in strike into strike off strike on strike out strike through strike together strike up
2. сущ.
1) удар preemptive strike ≈ упреждающий удар (ядерное нападение, опережающее удар противника)
2) открытие месторождения( нефти, руды и т. п.)
3) неожиданная удача Syn: lucky strike II
1. сущ.
1) забастовка, стачка to avert a strike ≈ предотвращать забастовку to break (up) a strike ≈ подавлять забастовку to call, organize a strike ≈ организовывать забастовку to conduct, stage a strike ≈ проводить забастовку to settle a strike ≈ урегулировать забастовку (разрешить конфликт, удовлетворить требования бастующих) strike action ≈ стачечная борьба to be on strike ≈ бастовать to go on strike ≈ объявлять забастовку general strike hunger strike quickie strike rent strike sit-down strike sympathy strike sympathetic strike token strike unofficial strike wildcat strike Syn: walkout
2) коллективный отказ( от чего-л.), бойкот buyers’ strike ≈ бойкотирование покупателями определенных товаров или магазинов
2. гл. бастовать;
объявлять забастовку (for, against) The women have threatened to strike against unequal pay. ≈ Женщины выдвинули угрозу объявления забастовки по поводу нарушений, касающихся выплаты жалования.
удар — * attack (авиация) удар по наземной цели — * weapon наступательное оружие — to make a * at smb. замахнуться на кого-л. (кулаком, оружием) ;
нанести удар кому-л.;
укусить /ужалить/ кого-л. (о змее) — to counter a * (военное) отражать удар — to exploit a * (военное) развивать успех (достигнутый в результате удара) (разговорное) воздушный налет удар, бой (часов) (американизм) плохой удар;
пропущенный мяч( в бейсболе) открытие месторождения( особ. золота) неожиданная удача (тж. lucky *) — a lucky * in politics политическая победа( на выборах и т. п.) (американизм) недостаток;
помеха — his racial background was a * against him его расовая принадлежность была препятствием на его пути клев — I’ve just got a * у меня только что клюнуло подсечка( лесы) большой улов гребок (для сгребания лишнего зерна с меры) (геология) простирание( жилы или пласта) > to have two *s against one быть в невыгодном положении ударять, бить — to * (on /upon/) the table стукнуть по столу — to * smb. ударить кого-л. — to * smb. in the face ударить кого-л. по лицу — he struck his enemy on the head он ударил своего врага по голове — to * a blow нанести удар — to * a voilent blow at smb., to * smb. a violent blow нанести кому-л. сильный удар, сильно ударить кого-л. — to * a blow aside отбить /парировать/ удар — to * back нанести ответный удар, дать сдачи — to * the first blow быть зачинщиком (в ссоре, драке) — who struck the first blow? кто начал( ссору, драку) ?, кто первый ударил? — to * a blow for smb., smth. выступить в защиту кого-л., чего-л. — we have struck a blow for freedom мы выступили в защиту свободы — to * a weapon from smb.’s hand выбить оружие из чьих-л. /у кого-л. из/ рук — to * with smth. ударить /бить/ чем-л. — he struck the nail with a hammer он ударил по гвоздю молотком — to * the hands together хлопнуть в ладоши ударяться, стукаться;
попадать — to * smth., to * on /upon, against/ smth. ударяться обо что-л., наскакивать на что-л.;
попадать во что-л. — to * the floor удариться об пол — to * a mine наскочить на мину — to * (the) bottom сесть на мель — two ships struck in midchannel два судна столкнулись в фарватере — his head struck (against) the pavement он ударился /стукнулся/ головой о тротуар — she struck her elbow against the door она ударилась локтем о дверь — the lightning struck the tree молния ударила в дерево — the light struck the windows свет упал на окна ударять (по клавишам, струнам) — to * a harp играть на арфе — to * a note взять ноту нападать — the enemy struck at dawn враг ударил на рассвете — they struck the retreating enemy они атаковали отступающего противника поражать;
сражать — to * smb. dead поразить кого-л. насмерть — to * smb. blind ослепить кого-л. — to be struck blind ослепнуть;
быть ослепленным — to * smb. dumb лишить кого-л. дара речи;
ошарашить кого-л. — I was struck dumb with amazement я онемел от удивления — the epidemic struck the country страну поразила эпидемия — to * with /by/ smth. поражать чем-л. — to be stricken by paralysis быть разбитым параличом — to * smb. to the heart поразить кого-л. в самое сердце (тж. on, upon) находить, наталкиваться, случайно встречать — to * ore открыть месторождение руды — to * water найти воду — to * oil открыть /найти/ нефтяной источник;
сделать выгодную сделку, добиться успеха;
преуспеть — to * upon an idea (случайно) напасть на мысль — to * (up) on a plan придумать план — the answer struck him suddenly внезапно он понял, в чем дело;
его осенило направляться;
поворачивать — to * across an island пересекать остров — to * into the woods направляться /сворачивать/ в лес;
углубляться в лес — to * northward направиться /повернуть/ на север — the range of hills *s southerly цепь холмов тянется к югу /в южном направлении/ — to * to the right повернуть направо — the road *s away to the left дорога круто сворачивает влево углубляться (в тему и т. п.) — to * into one’s subject углубляться в свой предмет /в свою тему/ — to * out of one’s subject отходить от своего предмета /от своей темы/ проникать;
пробиваться — to * through clouds пробиваться сквозь облака — sun rays struck through the fog лучи солнца пробивались сквозь туман — the wind struck through the cracks ветер проникал сквозь /задувал в/ щели — the cold struck through my clothes холод проникал сквозь мою одежду — to * (in) to the marrow пронизывать /пробирать/ насквозь /до мозга костей/ — the arrow struck through his armour стрела пробила /пронзила/ его латы достигать — to * the village достичь деревни — to * the right path выйти на нужную /правильную/ дорогу — we struck the main road мы вышли на главную дорогу — the sound struck (upon) his ear звук достиг /донесся до/ его слуха — to * soundings( морское) прийти на глубину, доступную измерению ручным лотом исключать;
отменять;
вычеркивать — * the last paragraph вычеркните последний абзац — to * smth. on the ground that there was no corroboration отменить что-л. на том основании, что это не получило подтверждения — to * a communication from the record изъять сообщение из протокола — they demanded that the book be struck off the list они потребовали исключить книгу из списка — if you disagree with anything I have written, * it through если вы не согласны с чем-л. из написанного мною, просто вычеркните это — their names have been struck through and are almost illegible их фамилии были зачеркнуты, и теперь их почти невозможно прочесть поражать, производить впечатление;
привлекать внимание — to * smb. as (being) clever производить на кого-л. впечатление умного человека;
казаться кому-л. умным — as it *s me как мне кажется — that *s me as rather silly это кажется мне довольно глупым;
это поражает меня своей глупостью — it struck me that he was not telling the truth мне показалось, что он не говорит правды — we were struck favourably with the plan план произвел на нас положительное впечатление — the room struck cold and damp комната показалась /выглядела/ холодной и сырой — his attention was struck by the unusual change его внимание было привлечено необычной переменой — she always *s strangers that way она всегда производит такое впечатление на чужих — how does it * you? что вы об этом думаете?;
как вам это нравится? — how does his playing * you? как вам нравится его игра? — to * the /one’s/ eye бросаться в глаза, привлекать внимание — what a sight struck my eyes! какое зрелище открылось моим глазам! приходить в голову — a thought has struck me мне пришла( в голову) мысль;
меня осенила мысль — it struck me immediately that I had made a blunder я сразу понял, что сделал /допустил/ ошибку (американизм) (военное) служить денщиком (разговорное) неожиданно встретить — to * the name of a friend in a newspaper натолкнуться в газете на фамилию приятеля вызывать( какие-л. чувства) — to * a deep chord in smb.’s heart вызвать глубокий отклик в душе — to * a chord of memory вызвать воспоминания — to * the right note взять верный тон;
попасть в тон — to * a false note взять неправильный тон;
звучать фальшиво — to * a warning note насторожить, предупредить вселять (ужас и т. п.) — to * with awe внушать благоговейный страх — to be struck with panic быть охваченным паникой — the scream struck terror in me этот крик вселил в меня ужас — he was struck with shame ему вдруг /невольно/ стало стыдно высекать (огонь) ;
зажигать — to * a match зажечь спичку, чиркнуть спичкой — to * sparks out of flint высекать искры из кремня — to * a spark out of smb. зажечь кого-л., вызвать в ком-л. энтузиазм (электротехника) зажигать дугу зажигаться — that * only on the box спички, которые зажигаются только о коробок — the matches were too wet to * спички намокли и не зажигались бить (о часах) — this clock *s (the hours etc.) эти часы отбивают время;
это часы с боем — the clock is striking часы бьют — it has just struck four только что пробило четыре (часа) — the hour has struck пробил час, настало время — his hour has struck его час пробил — to * the bell (морское) бить склянки биться( о сердце) — his heart struck heavily when he saw his house его сердце сильно забилось, когда он увидел родной дом чеканить (монету, медаль) сделать, выбить ( бирку, ярлык) спускать( флаг) — to * the flag (морское) спускать флаг;
сдавать командование соединением;
сдаваться, покоряться убирать (паруса) — to * hull (морское) убрать все паруса и закрепить румпель в подветренном положении (в шторм) — to * a mast (морское) срубить мачту свернуть( палатки) — to * camp сниматься с бивака;
свертывать лагерь (строительство) снимать (леса) (театроведение) убирать, разбирать( декорации) ;
демонтировать( сцену) (театроведение) гасить, тушить, убавлять( свет) подводить (баланс) — to * an average выводить среднее число добиваться( равновесия) заключать( сделку) — to * a bargain заключить сделку;
прийти к соглашению, договориться — to * hands ударить по рукам, заключить сделку составлять (список и т. п.) — to * a jury составить список присяжных (давать сторонам возможность вычеркнуть одинковое количество кандидатов) — to * a committee образовать комитет подсекать( рыбу) загарпунить (кита) клевать, брать приманку ( о рыбе) кусать, жалить ( о змее) — struck by a snake укушенный змеей пускать (корни) ;
приниматься — the tree struck its roots deep дерево пустило глубокие корни укореняться, прививаться, приживаться сажать, культивировать( растения) прокрашивать (ткань, дерево) впитываться, растекаться( о краске) просаливать, пропитывать солью (мясо, рыбу) разгружать (корабль) разгружаться( морское) спускать (в трюм;
тж. * down) ровнять гребком (меру зерна) мездрить( кожу) сдирать( мездру) (специальное) отбивать черту (намеленной веревкой) — to strike at smb., smth. набрасываться /нападать/ на кого-л., что-л.;
наносить удар кому-л., чему-л.;
направлять удар на кого-л., что-л.;
(военное) наступать на кого-л., что-л. — to * at smb. with a sword нанести кому-л. удар шпагой /саблей/ — to * at the dog with a stick замахнуться на собаку палкой — I struck at the ball but missed я ударил по мячу, но промахнулся — to strike into smth. начинать что-л.;
вмешиваться во что-л. — to * into a song начинать петь, заводить песню — he struck into another song он запел /завел/ другую /новую/ песню — the orchestra struck into another waltz оркестр заиграл еще один вальс — to * into a gallop пускаться в галоп (конный спорт) — to * into a quarrel вмешаться в ссору — to * into conversation вступить в разговор — to strike smth. into smth. заставлять что-л. проникать во что-л.;
втыкать, вонзать, вколачивать что-л. во что-л. — to * the nail into the board загнать гвоздь в доску — to strike smth. into smb. вонзать что-л. в кого-л.;
давать, придавать что-л. кому-л. — to * life into smb. вдохнуть жизнь в кого-л. — to strike for smth. стремиться к чему-л., делать усилие, чтобы добиться чего-л.;
бороться, сражаться за что-л. — the futility of striking for what seems unattainable тщетность стремлений к тому, что недостижимо — to * for freedom бороться за свободу — to * vigorously for success настойчиво добиваться успеха — to strike smb. for smth. (американизм) (сленг) вымогать, выпрашивать что-л. у кого-л.;
просить, искать протекции у кого-л. — to * smb. for a loan просить кого-л. одолжить денег — he struck his friend for a job он попросил приятеля подыскать ему работу > to * an attitude принять( театральную) позу > to * at the root /at the foundation/ of smth. стремиться искоренить основу чего-л.;
вырвать что-л. с корнем;
подрывать самую основу чего-л. > to * on truth попасть в цель, найти истину, правильно угадать > to * home попасть в цель;
попасть в самую точку;
дойти до самого сердца;
брать за душу;
задевать за живое, больно задевать > to * it rich напасть на жилу;
неожиданно разбогатеть;
преуспеть > to be struck on smb. быть влюбленным в кого-л. > to * smb. all of a heap ошеломить кого-л. > to * smb. to the quick задеть кого-л. за живое > * me dead! (просторечие) разрази меня господь /гром/!;
умереть мне на этом месте! > * while the iron is hot, * the iron while it is hot (пословица) куй железо, пока горячо забастовка, стачка — all-out * всеобщая забастовка — to be on * бастовать — to go on * объявить забастовку, забастовать — sympathetic * забастовка солидарности — * movement стачечное движение — the General S. (историческое) Всеобщая стачка (в Англии в 1926 г.) — hunger * голодная забастовка;
отказ принимать пищу — the * has been called off забастовка была отменена /прекращена/ коллективный отказ (от чего-л.) ;
бойкот — buyers’ * бойкотирование покупателями определенных товаров или магазинов бастовать;
объявлять забастовку — to * against long hours бастовать, добиваясь сокращения рабочего дня — to * for higher pay забастовать, чтобы добиться повышения зарплаты прекращать работу
~ приходить в голову;
an idea suddenly struck me меня внезапно осенила мысль
to ~ up an acquaintance завязать знакомство;
the band struck up оркестр заиграл
~ забастовка, стачка;
to be on strike бастовать;
to go on strike объявлять забастовку, забастовать
~ коллективный отказ (от чего-л.), бойкот;
buyers’ strike бойкотирование покупателями определенных товаров или магазинов
call a ~ объявлять забастовку
go-slow ~ забастовка, при которой снижают темп работы go-slow ~ забастовка, при которой преднамеренно замедляется темп работы
~ sl. просить, искать протекции;
he struck his friend for a job он попросил приятеля подыскать ему работу
~ бить (о часах) ;
it has just struck four только что пробило четыре;
the hour has struck пробил час, настало время;
his hour has struck его (смертный) час пробил
~ бить (о часах) ;
it has just struck four только что пробило четыре;
the hour has struck пробил час, настало время;
his hour has struck его (смертный) час пробил
how does it ~ you? что вы об этом думаете?;
how does his suggestion strike you? как вам нравится его предложение?
how does it ~ you? что вы об этом думаете?;
how does his suggestion strike you? как вам нравится его предложение?
hunger ~ голодная забастовка
illegal ~ незаконная забастовка illegal ~ неофициальная забастовка
~ бить (о часах) ;
it has just struck four только что пробило четыре;
the hour has struck пробил час, настало время;
his hour has struck его (смертный) час пробил
lawful ~ правомерная забастовка
~ проникать;
пронизывать;
the light strikes through the darkness свет пробивается сквозь темноту
lightning ~ спонтанная забастовка
local ~ местная забастовка
~ высекать (огонь) ;
зажигать(ся) ;
to strike a match чиркнуть спичкой, зажечь спичку;
the match won’t strike спичка не зажигается
national one-day ~ общенациональная однодневная забастовка
political ~ политическая забастовка
protest ~ забастовка протеста
secondary ~ забастовка во второстепенной отрасли secondary ~ забастовка на второстепенном предприятии
selective ~ забастовка на ключевых участках производства
to ~ the first blow быть зачинщиком;
the ship struck a rock судно наскочило на скалу
sit-down ~ сидячая забастовка
sit-in ~ сидячая (или итальянская) забастовка
spontaneous ~ стихийная забастовка
staggered ~ забастовка по скользящему графику
~ производить впечатление;
the story strikes me as ridiculous рассказ поражает меня своей нелепостью
strike бастовать;
объявлять забастовку (for, against) ~ бастовать ~ бить (о часах) ;
it has just struck four только что пробило четыре;
the hour has struck пробил час, настало время;
his hour has struck его (смертный) час пробил ~ бойкот ~ вселять (ужас и т. п.) ~ высекать (огонь) ;
зажигать(ся) ;
to strike a match чиркнуть спичкой, зажечь спичку;
the match won’t strike спичка не зажигается ~ добираться, достигать ~ забастовка, стачка;
to be on strike бастовать;
to go on strike объявлять забастовку, забастовать ~ забастовка ~ коллективный отказ (от чего-л.), бойкот;
buyers’ strike бойкотирование покупателями определенных товаров или магазинов ~ коллективный отказ ~ мера емкости( разная в разных районах Англии) ~ вчт. нажать ~ вчт. нажимать ~ найти;
наткнуться на, случайно встретить;
to strike the eye бросаться в глаза;
to strike oil открыть нефтяной источник;
перен. достичь успеха;
преуспевать ~ направляться (тж. strike out) ;
strike to the left поверните налево ~ неожиданная удача (тж. lucky strike) ~ объявлять забастовку ~ открытие месторождения (нефти, руды и т. п.) ~ открытие месторождения ~ подводить (баланс), заключать (сделку) ~ подводить (баланс) ;
заключать (сделку) ;
to strike an average выводить среднее число ~ подсекать (рыбу) ;
strike at наносить удар, нападать;
strike down свалить с ног, сразить;
strike in вмешиваться( в разговор) ~ поражать, сражать;
to strike dumb лишить дара слова;
ошарашить (кого-л.) ~ приходить в голову;
an idea suddenly struck me меня внезапно осенила мысль ~ производить впечатление;
the story strikes me as ridiculous рассказ поражает меня своей нелепостью ~ проникать;
пронизывать;
the light strikes through the darkness свет пробивается сквозь темноту ~ sl. просить, искать протекции;
he struck his friend for a job он попросил приятеля подыскать ему работу ~ геол. простирание жилы или пласта ~ пускать (корни) ~ ровнять гребком (меру зерна) ~ сажать ~ спускать (флаг) ;
убирать (паруса и т. п.) ;
to strike camp, to strike one’s tent сняться с лагеря ~ стачка, забастовка ~ стачка ~ удар ~ ударять (по клавишам, струнам) ~ (struck;
struck, уст. stricken) ударять(ся) ;
бить;
to strike a blow нанести удар;
to strike back нанести ответный удар, дать сдачи ~ ударять(ся), бить ~ чеканить, выбивать ~ амер. sl. шантажировать, вымогать
~ (struck;
struck, уст. stricken) ударять(ся) ;
бить;
to strike a blow нанести удар;
to strike back нанести ответный удар, дать сдачи to ~ a blow (for smb., smth.) выступить в защиту (кого-л., чего-л.)
~ upon напасть на (мысль) ;
to strike a note вызвать определенное впечатление
~ attr. забастовочный, стачечный;
strike action стачечная борьба
to ~ (smb.) all of a heap ошеломлять( кого-л.)
to ~ home больно задеть, задеть за живое;
to strike hands ударить по рукам;
to strike an attitude принять (театральную) позу
~ any key вчт. нажмите любую клавишу
~ подсекать (рыбу) ;
strike at наносить удар, нападать;
strike down свалить с ног, сразить;
strike in вмешиваться (в разговор)
~ attr. забастовочный, стачечный;
strike action стачечная борьба
~ (struck;
struck, уст. stricken) ударять(ся) ;
бить;
to strike a blow нанести удар;
to strike back нанести ответный удар, дать сдачи
~ спускать (флаг) ;
убирать (паруса и т. п.) ;
to strike camp, to strike one’s tent сняться с лагеря
~ подсекать (рыбу) ;
strike at наносить удар, нападать;
strike down свалить с ног, сразить;
strike in вмешиваться (в разговор)
~ поражать, сражать;
to strike dumb лишить дара слова;
ошарашить (кого-л.)
to ~ home больно задеть, задеть за живое;
to strike hands ударить по рукам;
to strike an attitude принять (театральную) позу
to ~ home больно задеть, задеть за живое;
to strike hands ударить по рукам;
to strike an attitude принять (театральную) позу to ~ home попасть в цель
~ подсекать (рыбу) ;
strike at наносить удар, нападать;
strike down свалить с ног, сразить;
strike in вмешиваться (в разговор)
~ into вонзать ~ into вселять (ужас и т. п.) ~ into направляться, углубляться ~ into начинать;
to strike into a gallop пускаться в галоп
~ into начинать;
to strike into a gallop пускаться в галоп
to ~ it rich напасть на жилу to ~ it rich преуспевать;
to strike out a new line for oneself выработать для себя новую линию поведения (теорию и т. п.)
~ off вычитать( из счета) ~ off вычеркивать ~ off делать( что-л.) быстро и энергично ~ off полигр. отпечатывать ~ off отрубать( ударом меча, топора)
~ найти;
наткнуться на, случайно встретить;
to strike the eye бросаться в глаза;
to strike oil открыть нефтяной источник;
перен. достичь успеха;
преуспевать
~ спускать (флаг) ;
убирать (паруса и т. п.) ;
to strike camp, to strike one’s tent сняться с лагеря
~ out выбрасывать ~ out вычеркивать ~ out вычеркнуть ~ out делать рабочий чертеж ~ out изобрести, придумать;
to strike out a new idea изобрести новый план ~ out изобретать ~ out набрасывать план ~ out придумывать ~ out энергично двигать руками и ногами (при плавании) ;
to strike out for the shore быстро поплыть к берегу
~ out изобрести, придумать;
to strike out a new idea изобрести новый план
to ~ it rich преуспевать;
to strike out a new line for oneself выработать для себя новую линию поведения (теорию и т. п.)
~ out энергично двигать руками и ногами (при плавании) ;
to strike out for the shore быстро поплыть к берегу
~ out pleadings признавать состязательные бумаги противной стороны, не имеющие юридического значения
~ найти;
наткнуться на, случайно встретить;
to strike the eye бросаться в глаза;
to strike oil открыть нефтяной источник;
перен. достичь успеха;
преуспевать
to ~ the first blow быть зачинщиком;
the ship struck a rock судно наскочило на скалу
~ the iron while it is hot посл. куй железо, пока горячо
~ through зачеркивать;
strike up начинать
~ направляться (тж. strike out) ;
strike to the left поверните налево
~ through зачеркивать;
strike up начинать
to ~ up an acquaintance завязать знакомство;
the band struck up оркестр заиграл
~ upon достигать (о звуке) ~ upon напасть на (мысль) ;
to strike a note вызвать определенное впечатление ~ upon падать на( о свете) ~ upon придумывать (план)
sympathetic ~ забастовка солидарности sympathy ~ = sympathetic strike sympathetic: ~ сочувственный;
полный сочувствия;
вызванный сочувствием;
sympathetic strike забастовка солидарности
sympathy ~ = sympathetic strike sympathy ~ забастовка солидарности
token ~ символическая забастовка
unauthorized ~ неразрешенная забастовка
wildcat ~ забастовка, не санкционированная профсоюзом wildcat ~ незаконная забастовка wildcat ~ неофициальная забастовка wildcat ~ несанкционированная забастовка wildcat ~ стихийная забастовка wildcat: ~ незаконный, не соответствующий договору, несанкционированный;
wildcat strike забастовка, проведенная рабочими без разрешения профсоюза
work-to-rule ~ итальянская забастовка work-to-rule ~ работа строго по правилам

cubrirse, empañarse

arriba

levantado

más alto / más caro

up to / up until hasta

por

up and down de arriba para abajo / de un lado a otro

up

tr[ʌp]

3 (sun, moon)

■ he came up and… se acercó y…

1 subir, aumentar

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

■ are you up to going to work? ¿te sientes con fuerzas de ir a trabajar?

up yours! taboo ¡métetelo por el culo!

aumentar, subir

arriba, en lo alto

hacia arriba

completamente

en pedazos

despierto, levantado

construido

abierto

enterado, al día, al corriente

preparado

terminado, acabado

time is up: se ha terminado el tiempo permitido

a lo largo, por

adj.

adv.

interj.

n.

prep.

I ʌp

2)

up a bit… left a bit — un poco más arriba… un poco a la izquierda

3)

up here/there — aquí/allí arriba

b) (upstairs, on upper floor)

c) (raised, pointing upward)

with the lid/blinds up — con la tapa levantada/las persianas levantadas or subidas

4)

5)

a) (of numbers, volume, intensity)

prices are 5% up o up (by) 5% on last month — los precios han aumentado un 5% con respecto al mes pasado

from $25/the age of 11 up — a partir de 25 dólares/de los 11 años

b) (in league, table, hierarchy)

6)

7) (in position, erected)

is the tent up? — ¿ya han armado la tienda or (AmL) la carpa?

the pictures/shelves are up — los cuadros/estantes están colocados or puestos

what’s up? — (what’s the matter?) ¿qué pasa?; ( as greeting) (AmE) ¿qué hay? (colloq), ¿qué onda? (AmL arg), ¿qué hubo or quiubo? (Chi, Col, Méx, Ven fam)

she will be up before the board/judge — comparecerá ante la junta/el juez

14)

15)

16)

18) (as far as, as much as) hasta

up to here/now/a certain point — hasta aquí/ahora/cierto punto

19)

she’s not up to the job — no tiene las condiciones necesarias para el trabajo, no puede con el trabajo (fam)

21)

II

preposition

1)

to go up the stairs/hill — subir la escalera/colina

2)

to go/come up the river — ir*/venir* por el río

III

adjective

2) ( elated) (AmE colloq) (pred)

IV
1.

— pp- transitive verb (colloq) <<price/costs>> aumentar, subir; <bid/offer> aumentar, superar

2.

V

noun

to be on the up and up — (colloq) ( honest) (AmE) <<businessman/salesperson>> ser* de buena ley, ser* de fiar; ( succeeding) (BrE) <<business/company>> marchar or ir* cada vez mejor, estar* en alza

[ʌp]
When up is the second element in a phrasal verb, eg come up, throw up, walk up, look up the verb. When it is part of a set combination, eg the way up, close up, look up the other word.

the castle’s up there, on top of the hill — el castillo está allí arriba, en la cima del monte

3)

4) de pie

while you’re up, can you get me a glass of water? — ya que estás de pie, ¿me puedes traer un vaso de agua?

5)

to be up — levantarse; estar levantado

6)

look, the flag is up! — mira, la bandera está izada

7)

10)

the new building isn’t up yet — el nuevo edificio no está construido todavía, no han levantado el nuevo edificio todavía

11) vencido, caducado

time is up, put down your pens — se ha acabado el tiempo, dejen los bolígrafos sobre la mesa

time is up for the people living here, their homes are to be demolished — a la gente que vive aquí le toca marcharse, están derribando sus casas

12)

13)

to be up before the judge/board — (tener que) comparecer ante el juez/el consejo; verse ante el juez/en el consejo

17)

18)

19)

(

Culin

)

*

two fried eggs, up — un par de huevos fritos boca arriba

20)

up against

to be up against sb — tener que habérselas con algn, tener que enfrentarse a algn

up and running

up for sth

every two years, a third of the Senate comes up for election — cada dos años se renueva una tercera parte del Senado

up to hasta

up to now — hasta ahora, hasta la fecha

up to £10 — hasta 10 libras nada más

we were up to our knees/waist in water — el agua nos llegaba por or hasta las rodillas/la cintura

to be up to a task — estar a la altura de una tarea, estar en condiciones de realizar una tarea

they weren’t up to running a company — no estaban en condiciones de gestionar una empresa, no estaban a la altura necesaria para gestionar una empresa

to be {or}3} feel up to sth

including
to be up to sth

*

to be up to a standard/to much

to be up to sb

I’d go, but it’s up to you — por mí iría, pero depende de ti

if it were or was up to me — si dependiera de mí

2)

people up and down the country are saying… — la gente por todo el país dice…

3)

1)

2)

1) (Rail) ascendente

2)

*

1)

6.

* * *

I [ʌp]

2)

up a bit… left a bit — un poco más arriba… un poco a la izquierda

3)

up here/there — aquí/allí arriba

b) (upstairs, on upper floor)

c) (raised, pointing upward)

with the lid/blinds up — con la tapa levantada/las persianas levantadas or subidas

4)

5)

a) (of numbers, volume, intensity)

prices are 5% up o up (by) 5% on last month — los precios han aumentado un 5% con respecto al mes pasado

from $25/the age of 11 up — a partir de 25 dólares/de los 11 años

b) (in league, table, hierarchy)

6)

7) (in position, erected)

is the tent up? — ¿ya han armado la tienda or (AmL) la carpa?

the pictures/shelves are up — los cuadros/estantes están colocados or puestos

what’s up? — (what’s the matter?) ¿qué pasa?; ( as greeting) (AmE) ¿qué hay? (colloq), ¿qué onda? (AmL arg), ¿qué hubo or quiubo? (Chi, Col, Méx, Ven fam)

she will be up before the board/judge — comparecerá ante la junta/el juez

14)

15)

16)

18) (as far as, as much as) hasta

up to here/now/a certain point — hasta aquí/ahora/cierto punto

19)

she’s not up to the job — no tiene las condiciones necesarias para el trabajo, no puede con el trabajo (fam)

21)

II

preposition

1)

to go up the stairs/hill — subir la escalera/colina

2)

to go/come up the river — ir*/venir* por el río

III

adjective

2) ( elated) (AmE colloq) (pred)

IV
1.

— pp- transitive verb (colloq) <<price/costs>> aumentar, subir; <bid/offer> aumentar, superar

2.

V

noun

to be on the up and up — (colloq) ( honest) (AmE) <<businessman/salesperson>> ser* de buena ley, ser* de fiar; ( succeeding) (BrE) <<business/company>> marchar or ir* cada vez mejor, estar* en alza

I [pɪtʃ]

nome

II
1. [pɪtʃ]

verbo transitivo

2) (aim, adjust) adattare [campaign, speech] (at a); (set) fissare [ price]

2.

verbo intransitivo

•

* * *

I
1. [pi ]

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

2.

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

•

— pitcher
— pitched battle
— pitchfork
II [pi ]

— pitch-dark

* * *

I [pɪtʃ]

n

II [pɪtʃ]

1) esp Brit Sport campo

his anger reached such a pitch that… — la sua furia raggiunse un punto tale che…

1) lanciare, sollevare col forcone

2) Mus: song) intonare, dare

3) piantare

1) cascare, cadere

•

* * *

pitch (1) /pɪtʃ/

♦ pitch (2) /pɪtʃ/

n.

10 [u] ( di un tetto, ecc.) inclinazione; pendenza

(to) pitch (1) /pɪtʃ/

v. t.

impeciare.

(to) pitch (2) /pɪtʃ/

2 gettare; lanciare; scagliare; buttare: to pitch a ball, lanciare una palla

* * *

I [pɪtʃ]

nome

II
1. [pɪtʃ]

verbo transitivo

2) (aim, adjust) adattare [campaign, speech] (at a); (set) fissare [ price]

2.

verbo intransitivo

•

[straɪk]
I
1.

;

прош. вр.

struck,

прич. прош. вр.

struck, stricken

1)

а) ударять, наносить удар, бить

He struck me aside with his fist. — Он отбросил меня ударом кулака.

He struck me on the chin. — Он ударил меня в подбородок.

He struck the wall with a heavy blow. — Он сильно ударил по стене.

He struck his knee with his hand. — Он ударил рукой по колену.

He seized a stick and struck at me. — Он схватил палку и ударил меня.

He struck his hand on the table. — Он стукнул рукой по столу.

I struck sharply upon the glass. — Я резко ударил по стеклу.

The house had been struck with / by lightning. — В дом ударила молния.

The fighter struck at his opponent but missed. — Борец хотел нанести удар противнику, но промахнулся.

б) ударяться, стукаться

He struck his hand against / at the wall. — Он ударился рукой о стену.

The ship struck a rock. — Судно наскочило на скалу / ударилось о скалу.

Two ships struck in the channel. — Два корабля столкнулись в канале.

•

Syn:

hit,

2) нападать, атаковать

The beasts struck with their claws. — Звери использовали при нападении когти.

The army struck at dawn. — Армия атаковала на рассвете.

He divided his forces, struck where there was no use in striking. — Он разделил свои силы, атаковал там, где в этом не было нужды.

— strike a blow for smth.

а) нападать

Many of the newspapers struck at the government’s latest plan. — Многие газеты нелестно отозвались о последнем плане правительства.

б) покушаться, расшатывать (устои)

This new law strikes at the rights of every citizen. — Новый закон ущемляет права всех граждан.

It obviously strikes at the very foundation of the science. — Это очевидным образом расшатывает самые основы науки.

4) поражать; сражать

to strike smb. dead — убить кого-л.

A great cold had struck him deaf. — Он оглох в результате сильной простуды.

He looked stricken into stone. — Он словно обратился в камень.

The Duke had been stricken by paralysis. — Герцога разбил паралич.

Hurricane killed 275 people as it struck the island. — Ураган унёс 275 жизней, обрушившись на остров.

His appearance will strike terror into his enemies. — Его появление будет вселять ужас во врагов.

His appearance struck her with terror. — Его появление наполнило её страхом.

6) поражать, производить впечатление

He struck me by his knowledge. — Он поразил меня своими знаниями.

He always strikes students that way. — Он всегда так действует на студентов.

He doesn’t strike me as (being) genius. — Он не производит на меня впечатления гения.

The story struck me as ridiculous. — Рассказ поразил меня своей нелепостью.

An idea suddenly struck me. — Меня внезапно осенила мысль.

It never struck me before. — Мне это никогда ещё не приходило в голову.

Syn:

7)

These matches are too wet to strike. — Эти спички слишком сырые, чтобы зажечься.

It has just struck four. — Только что пробило четыре.

Your hour has struck. — Твой час пробил.

She had now struck sixty. — Ей стукнуло 60.

9)

This medal appears to have been chased by hand and not to have been struck from a die. — Эта медаль выглядит как гравированная вручную, а не штампованная.

б) звучать, стучать

His heart struck heavily when the house was visible. — При виде дома сердце его забилось.

Syn:

With one hand we strike three or four notes simultaneously. — Одной рукой мы способны взять три или четыре ноты одновременно.

10) направляться, сворачивать

to strike a line / path — направляться к чему-л.; двигаться в направлении чего-л. прям. и перен.

I have struck out my own line. — Я выбрал свой собственный путь.

They struck their path across the fields. — Они двигались через поля.

Instead of going by town, we had struck away northward. — Вместо того, чтобы проехать город, мы свернули на север.

Leaving the town, we now strike off towards the river. — Оставив город, мы движемся к реке.

The road strikes into the forest. — Дорога сворачивает в лес.

Road strikes away to the left. — Дорога уходит влево.

11) приходить к соглашению, договариваться

12) неожиданно найти, наткнуться на ; случайно встретить

I hope that after all these talks, someone will strike on a way out of our difficulty. — Надеюсь, что после всех этих разговоров кого-нибудь осенит, как выйти из создавшегося затруднительного положения.

б) начинать (внезапно), пускаться

The musicians struck into a skittish polka. — Музыканты заиграли игривую польку.

в) ввязаться, встревать

He struck into the conversation again. — Он снова ввязался в разговор.

It’s unwise to strike into someone else’s quarrel without being invited. — Глупо встревать в чью-то ссору, когда тебя не спрашивают.

Every proof of the treachery struck like a knife into his heart. — Каждое доказательство измены как нож вонзалось в его сердце.

14) проникать сквозь, прорастать, пробиваться

Trees struck roots deep into the soil. — Деревья пускают корни глубоко в почву.

The light strikes through the darkness. — Свет пробивается сквозь темноту.

15) ловить на крючок, удить

16)

Captain reported that the fort had struck. — Капитан доложил, что форт сдался.

He would have clearly liked to stick out; but there was something about the lot of us that meant mischief, and at last he struck (R. L. Stevenson). — Он очевидно хотел бы отказаться, но было нечто столь угрожающее в большинстве из нас, что он в конце концов уступил.

17) проводить линию, чертить

Strike a line from A to B. — Проведи линию из A в B.

18) вычёркивать, исключать

Over strong objections from the prosecutor, the judge ordered the question stricken. — В связи с решительным протестом прокурора судья приказал исключить вопрос.

Do you believe that the crash was an accident? Strike that. — И ты веришь, что катастрофа была случайной? Это исключено!

•

— strike down
— strike in
— strike off
— strike out
— strike through
— strike together
— strike up

••

And strike me Blind, but I’ve met him before! — разг. Чтоб я ослеп, если я его раньше не встречал!

— strike home

— strike oil
— strike it rich
2.

сущ.

preemptive strike — амер. упреждающий удар (ядерное нападение, опережающее удар противника)

3) неожиданная удача

II
1.

сущ.

1) забастовка, стачка

to call / organize a strike — организовывать забастовку

to conduct / stage a strike — проводить забастовку

— go on strike

— general strike
— hunger strike
— quickie strike
— rent strike
— sit-down strike
— sleep strike
— sympathy strike
— sympathetic strike
— token strike
— unofficial strike
— wildcat strike

Syn:

2.

;

прош. вр.

struck,

прич. прош. вр.

struck, stricken

бастовать; объявлять забастовку

The women have threatened to strike against unequal pay. — Женщины пригрозили, что объявят забастовку из-за неравенства в заработной плате.

Mendosa: «…If the nails fail, puncture their tires with a bullet… the nails have gone home. Their tire is down: they stop.» (B. Shaw, ‘Man and Superman’, act III) — Мендоса: «…Если гвозди не помогут, вы продырявьте им шины пулей… Нет! Гвозди сделали свое дело: камера лопнула, они останавливаются.»

He lounged forward, but his blow did not get home. (E. Wallace, ‘Captains of Souls’, ch. XLIV) — Мистер Ист рванулся вперед, хотел ударить, но промахнулся.

2) попасть в цель, в точку, не в бровь, а в глаз; задеть за живое, больно задеть кого-л.; найти отклик в (чьей-л.) душе; растрогать кого-л

…it is a pathetic sight when a score of rough Irish… get to this song; and you may see by their falling tears, how it strikes home to them. (R. L. Stevenson, ‘The Master of Ballantrae’, ch. IV) —…это было трогательное зрелище, когда группа грубых ирландцев… запела эту песню; по их слезам видно было, что песня берет их за душу.

All the while Hurstwood was endeavouring to formulate his plea in such a way that it could strike home and bring her into sympathy with him. (Th. Dreiser, ‘Sister Carrie’, ch. XXVIII) — А Герствуд тем временем старался взывать к ее сердцу в таких словах, которые могли бы найти у Керри отклик и пробудить в ней сочувствие к нему.

Broadbent (hugely self-satisfied): «I think I’ve done the trick this time. I just gave them a bit of straight talk; and it went home.» (B. Shaw, ‘John Bull’s Other Island’, act III) — Бродбент (очень доволен собой): «Кажется, я задел их за живое. Поговорил с ними по душам и попал в самую точку.»

3) доходить до (чьего-л.) сознания, производить впечатление на кого-л.; осознавать; тж. get home

Mercer’s words, so unusual for a Christmas evening broadcast, were as sobering as an ice-cold shower. As his words struck home, Anna Nelson’s house became shrouded in churchlike stillness. (D. Carter, ‘Fatherless Sons’, part I, ch. 15) — Слова Мерсера, столь необычные для рождественской передачи, подействовали на всех отрезвляюще, будто ледяной душ. Когда смысл его слов дошел до всех, в доме Анны Нельсон воцарилась мертвая тишина, торжественная, как в церкви.

For the first time it came home sharply to Aileen how much his affairs meant to him. (Th. Dreiser, ‘The Financier’, ch. XXXIX) — Эйлин впервые с такой отчетливостью осознала, как много значили для Каупервуда его дела.

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as «Lusitania,» ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome’s defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman «Lusitania.» In the fourth century CE, as Rome’s rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal’s history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as «territorium Portu-calense.»

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of «Portu-cale,» what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself «King of Portugal.» He was Portugal’s first monarch, the «Founder,» and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques’s army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal’s early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal’s independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying «From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage» was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile’s Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal’s King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal’s most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile’s invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao’s armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

Aviz Dynasty and Portugal’s First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal’s art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal’s second city. This group supported King João I’s program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal’s foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal’s 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal’s bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as «Prince Henry the Navigator.» His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal’s «Marvelous Century,» during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry’s controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal’s first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal’s motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of «God, Glory, and Gold» can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry’s death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco’s coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal’s largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal’s imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias’s extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa’s coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia’s spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal’s capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal’s Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal’s army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao’s death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain’s strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal’s experience under Spanish rule, «The Babylonian Captivity» gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal’s weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain’s ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal’s culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain’s fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain’s empire and at the same time attacked Portugal’s empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal’s empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain’s bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal’s Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal’s independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal’s independence. Portugal’s alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal’s great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England’s navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal’s second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal’s royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal’s rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I’s chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal’s oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain’s consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon’s army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal’s royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal’s overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal’s commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal’s very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal’s slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the «war of independence» was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy’s political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the «English Ultimatum» affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the «Scramble for Africa,» expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy’s reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal’s weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal’s first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country’s misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal’s assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal’s intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal’s World War I activities.

The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic’s rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. «Barracks parliamentarism» was not an acceptable alternative even to the «Nightmare Republic.»

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy’s support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a «unitary, corporative Republic,» and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime’s followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini’s Italy or Adolf Hitler’s Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal’s Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar’s removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal’s efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar’s successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State’s basic structures, and continuing the regime’s essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and «nationalized» 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal’s first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups’ revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal’s scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People’s Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados («returned ones») went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of «firsts» or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal’s economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal’s long history because it finally ended Portugal’s oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal’s medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   In sum, Portugal’s turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal’s world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world’s largest solar power plant and the world’s first commercial wave power farm in 2006.